BBC.地平线.2012.认识狗狗

似乎狗狗不良行为的方方面面
It seemed that almost every aspect of dogs’ bad behaviour
都可以从研究狼的社会结构得出解释
could be explained by examining the wolves’ social structure.
我认为最大的问题在于
I think the greatest problem that people have
人们似乎没有意识到
is that they seem to fail to realise
他们要管理的这种动物
that what they’re really dealing with is
是一种天生喜爱群居的动物
an animal that thinks of itself in terms of a pack.
它们把人类的家庭当成自己的族群
It thinks of the human family as its pack
把自己当做其中一员
and it is a member of that pack.
研究表明狼就是群居动物
Studies of wolves had shown them to be pack animals,
狼群由一只头狼统领
led by a dominant alpha male
群内成员遵守着严格的等级制度
with a strict pecking order passed down through the pack.
狼群采用各种方式 不断地探索 挑战
In all kinds of ways, the pack continually explores, challenges
客厅里的狼 1988
加固等级制度
and reinforces the hierarchy,
它们从不真的打斗
not by actual fighting,
而是靠气场虚张声势
but by posturing and signalling.
比如昂头挺胸 可以让自己更有威慑力
Raising the hackles, for instance, to appear more frightening.
翘起尾巴 意味着它已经占据了领导地位
The erect tail, a signal of dominance,
竖起耳朵也是同样的意思
so too the erect ears.
相应地 阿谀逢迎也就有了重要意义
By contrast, cringing is of paramount importance.
还有很多表示让步的姿势
And there are many appeasing postures.
这只卑躬屈膝的狼
Here the submissive wolf,
尾巴夹在两腿中间 低着头
puts its tail between its legs and lowers its head.
地位居中的狼
Junior ranking animals
要一直保持这样顺从的姿态
have a great need for constant appeasement.
这只狼 背贴地 肚朝天
And this wolf, on the back, belly exposed,
表示它已经彻底投降
the posture is one of total submission.
科学家认为 狗群有着相同的模式
Scientists thought that dogs behaved the same way,
它们也是群居动物
forming packs with one dog
每个群体也会有一个领头
taking the dominant role of pack leader.
一些早期实验检测了这个理论
Some of the early experiments put this theory to the test.
为了探究狗群遵守纪律 服从领导的程度
To find out how readily dogs accept discipline and respect dominance,
调查小组做了一个简单的实验
the research team tried a simple experiment.
工具是一根骨头
The equipment was a bone.
地平线 1975
缺陷制♥造♥计划
实验对象是两条彼此陌生的狗
The subjects, two dogs who hadn’t met before.
很快 其中一只占据了上风
Very quickly, one dog achieved dominance
战败的那只灰头土脸地溜开
and the underdog wandered off
试图忘记自己所受的耻辱
in an attempt to forget its humiliation.
尽管这两只狗的实力不相上下
Just to prove that although the two dogs were very equally matched
为了证明其中一只已经占据统治地位
and that one had now become dominant,
实验人员把骨头给了那只战败的狗
the bone was given to the underdog.
很快 战胜的狗重申了它的地位
Again, the top dog quickly reasserted himself,
战败的狗只好假装自己毫不在意
leaving the underdog to pretend it didn’t really mind.
沉溺在一系列替代失意的狂乱举动里
It indulged in a series of frantic displacement activities.
赢家是不会让输家忘记比试结果的
And top dog wasn’t going to let him forget who was dominant.
既然进食顺序已被确立
The bone was almost forgotten
骨头便不再是争夺焦点
now that the pecking order had been sorted out.
最终 输家为避免遭受更多的攻击
Finally the underdog, to avoid further attacks,
露出肚皮以示投降
signalled submission by lying on his back.
科学家相信 狗天生就有追随首领的渴望
Scientists believed that the natural urge for dogs
而这就是控制它们的关键所在
to follow a leader was the key to controlling them.
这种天性似乎非常强烈
It seemed that this instinct was so strong,
很好地解释了
it could even explain
明明看似温和的宠物却能致人死地的现象
how apparently harmless pets could turn lethal.
1986年
In 1986,
相关人员调查了一位老妇的死亡原因
they examined the death of an elderly woman
她被这样一群家养狗残忍♥地咬死了
who was savagely attacked by this group of domestic dogs.
人们不敢相信
People couldn’t believe
证明完毕 1986
披着狗皮的狼
这么小的狗居然也能杀人
that such small dogs were capable of killing.
于是他们重现了导致那次攻击的场景
So they recreated the events that led to the attack
并且用录像记录下结果
and recorded the results on video.
一种可能性是病理原因
One possibility was that there was a medical cause.
可是所有的狗都没有脑损伤或重大疾病
But none of the dogs had brain damage or other significant diseases
它们看起来也并非饥饿所迫
and they didn’t seem to be thin or hungry.
看来问题的更多线索
It seemed that more clues to the cause
在于整个狗群的行为动机
lay in the behavioural dynamics of the pack.
狗越多 越发挑衅
The more dogs there are, the more likely they are
进行攻击的可能性就越大
to attack and become aggressive.
当然 一条狗也能咬伤人 甚至咬死人
Certainly a single dog can injure somebody and kill somebody.
而狗是群居动物 一旦其中一条做起某事
But dogs are pack animals and if one starts to do something,
其余的狗都会跟着做 而且会愈发兴奋
they all will do it and they will all get more excited about it.
这在一定程度上是种群体推进行为
And this is partly a pack-facilitated behaviour.
狗和其他犬科动物 都是集体狩猎
Dogs, canines, hunt in packs
当它们一起捕获猎物后
and after they bring down the prey in a pack,
通常都会吃掉它
they usually eat it.
狗是群居动物这种说法使得
The idea that dogs were pack animals had a radical impact
越来越多的人沉迷于训狗
on a growing national obsession, dog training.
科学表明 要想控制我们的狗
The science suggested that to control our dogs,
必须先取得主导地位
we needed to gain the upper hand.
举个例子 猫和狗的智商差不多
The reason the dog can be trained
但训狗比训猫要简单得多
so much more easily than the cat, for instance,
地平线 1969
一个鼻子四条腿
我们之所以可以训狗
which is just as intelligent,
是因为狗是群居动物
is because it is a pack animal,
它们需要首领
it has a leader
而家养狗已经把人类当做首领了
and the domestic dog has accepted man as the pack leader.
狗的主人必须掌控领导权
Dog owners had to become top wolf.
如若不然 烦恼就会不请自来
And those that didn’t, were apparently inviting trouble.
有些主人会跟你说 他们从不打狗
The owners will tell you that they never hit dogs,
从不设立规矩
they never discipline dogs.
也就是说 这条狗处在一个反自然的环境中
In other words, the dog has a completely unnatural situation.
它渴望被人管束
It is expecting to be disciplined.
一旦狗意识到
Now once the dog begins to realise
挑战主人的地位
that it’s not going to be corrected,
既不会得到纠正
it’s not going to be disciplined
也不会受到管教
for jumping the dominance order
那么它就会得寸进尺
then it will begin to take advantage of that situation.
管控成了大多数训狗方法的基本原则
Dominating your dog became the basis of most training methods,
二十世纪八十年代掀起了一阵
gaining a cult following in the 1980s
崇拜芭芭拉·伍德豪斯的热潮
with Barbara Woodhouse,
她在她的训狗课上
who had no problem demonstrating
向人们展示了驾驭狗狗的方法
who was pack leader in her dog school.
靠近 拉住它 靠近
Close, bring her round, close,
伍德豪斯训狗法 1980
不听话就使劲拽
jerk if she doesn’t come.
好孩子 拉回来 又走了
Good girl. Jerk back. She’s gone.
这孩子还得再遛一圈 它不听话
Now this one needs another go because she pulled.
过来 它叫什么 希巴 靠近
Come on, what’s her name? Sheba. Sheba. Close.
听到锁链声了吗 这样它就乖乖听话了
Do you hear the click? And then she walked quite nicely.
明白了吗
Do you see?
几十年来 这种方法一直是
This approach remained the leading theory
训练狗狗的主要方法
in dog training for decades.
坐
Sit.
我们首先要做的练习
Some of the exercises we’re going to do to start with
叫做”降级练习”
are what we call “Rank Reducing Exercises”.
你必须掌控主导权
Really you’ve got to establish who’s the boss in this household.
现在老大可不是你了哦
And at the moment, it isn’t you.
虽然它只是牛头梗 而且只有16周大
Although he’s a Bull Terrier and only about 16 weeks old,
但它骨子里还是有一股狼性
he still has wolf ideas in his head.
这是控制练习
This is a dominance exercise.
用严格的纪律规诫狗狗
Using strict discipline…
不行 别过去
No! Leave it!
拉 拉 拉 拉 继续拉
Pull, pull, pull, pull… Keep going.
惩罚那些
And punishing those dogs
试图控制主人的狗狗
who tried to dominate their human leaders…
不许叫
No!
似乎颇有成效
Seemed to get results.
松口
Leave it!
坐下
Sit.