BBC.地平线.2012.认识狗狗

One reason is that dogs seem to
能与人和谐共处的非凡能力
have a remarkable ability to bond with humans.
我无法想象没有它的生活
I can’t imagine life without her.
所以它们成为了最理想的宠物
It’s why they make such ideal pets.
它是个好狗狗 它对孩子们很温柔
He’s a nice dog and he’s gentle with the children.
对某些人来说 养狗会改变人生
But for some people, having a dog can be life-changing.
十九世纪七十年代
In the 1970s,
科学家开始研究
scientists began to investigate
如何将人类与狗狗之间
how our natural affinity with dogs
与生俱来的亲密关系用于精神治疗
could be utilised as a form of therapy.
目前为止 狗狗在人们生活中
Today, by far the greatest role
扮演的最重要角色
the dog is called on to play
地平线 1975
缺陷制♥造♥计划
就是伙伴和朋友
is as companion and friend.
它们能够帮助孤无所依的人
Often helping to make even the loneliest human existence
继续生活下去
at least bearable.
美国的心理学家利用狗进行心理治疗
In America, some psychologists are now using dogs
这被他们称作”宠物疗法”
in what they called “Pet facilitated” in psychotherapy.
来看看我的新裘衣
Let me show you my new fur.
这里的大部分年轻人都患有慢性精神分♥裂♥症
Most of the young adolescents here are chronic schizophrenics.
这种病人一般都很孤僻 焦虑 寡言
Normally such patients are withdrawn, anxious and rarely speak.
这项疗法的杰出之处就在于
The remarkable thing about this project
它看起来既开放又友好
is how open and friendly it all looks
这些年轻人再也不必关在
despite the fact that the normal alternative for these teenagers
精神病院的狭区之内了
is to be committed within the confines of a mental institution.
与常规治疗所不同
The big difference between Blueberry
蓝莓治疗所里有很多动物
and a conventional institution is the animals.
每个病人都有一只宠物狗或宠物猫
Every inmate has a pet dog or cat.
理查德不愿意说话
Richard wouldn’t talk,
把自己完全封闭在一个沉默的世界里
withdrew completely into a non-verbal kind of world.
之后他养了只狗
Then he got his dog
他能和狗连续不断地说上几个小时
and he would talk to the dog for hours on end.
治疗他的人带着狗过来
Then the person who was assigned to treat him brought her dog
通过自己的狗 理查德愿意和她的狗说话
and Richard would talk through his dog to her dog.
通过理查德的狗 她终于能和他对上话了
And finally she was able to talk to him through his dog.
之后狗狗被抛开了
And then the dogs were dropped,
通过狗狗的交流也抛开了
the communication between the dogs was dropped
现在他们可以直接对话了
and now they talk to each other.
你之前不愿和人说话 记得吗
You weren’t talking to people, do you remember?
记得
Yeah.
-在你养珀果之前 -是的
– That was before you got Pogo. – Yeah.
养狗之后发生了什么 你还记得吗
But what happened when you got the dog? Do you remember?
我得到了他 他有点害羞
I got him. He was a little shy.
还冲布巴叫 还跟布巴打架
He barked at Bubba. Got into fights with him.
阵势不小嘛
Oh, that’s a big battle.
那你和布巴也打架吗
Is there a battle between you and Bubba too
还是只有珀果和布巴打架
or just between the dog and Bubba?
只有珀果和布巴打架
Just between the dog and Bubba.
-知道为什么吗 -珀果嫉妒了
– Oh. Any idea why? – Jealousy.
他从中受益匪浅 因为他现在说话了
It helped him tremendously because now he talks!
他现在能和很多人交流
Now he communicates with a lot of people,
不仅限于治疗师了
not just his therapist.
虽然还是紧张僵硬
Still stilted and frightened and what not
但比之前自如多了
but much more at ease.
这项研究表明人类逐渐认识到
This study marked a growing recognition
狗狗可以为人类带来很多的益处
of just how beneficial our relationship with dogs can be.
不管是身体上还是心灵上
For both our minds and bodies.
研究表明
It has been proved
仅仅是抚摸这一简单动作
that the mere act of simply stroking a dog
就可以减缓心跳 释放忧虑
lessens the heartbeat, reduces anxiety.
科学最终承认了
Science was finally acknowledging
饲主们早就知道的事情
what dog owners everywhere already knew.
狗狗能给我们
Having dogs in our lives
实际帮助和情感寄托
brings both practical and emotional benefits.
科学家开始认真寻找
And scientists began to pinpoint exactly what it is
人与狗能够互惠互利的原因
that makes the relationship seem reciprocal.
狗狗有一种天分
Dogs have a natural intelligence
它们能够快速学会被要求的动作
so can quickly learn what’s required of them
改变自己的行为以迎合人类
and adapt their behaviour to fit in with us.
扣1分
许多人认为
Most people suppose
小狗学不了太多东西
that dogs don’t learn very much as young animals
但实际上它们在出生时就具备了些许学习能力
but actually they can learn a little bit even at birth.
在这个实验中
In this experiment,
一只尚无视觉和听觉的小狗
a young puppy which still couldn’t see or hear
被用来测试能否完成一项简单的任务
was tested to find if it could learn a simple task.
实验人员用冷风吹它的屁♥股♥
Cold air was blown onto its rump.
没有小狗会喜欢冷风
No puppy likes the cold
所以呜咽了几声之后 它便爬开了
so after a few whimpers it crawled away to avoid it.
前方是一个简单的选择 左转还是右转
It faced a simple decision to turn left or right.
在前几次实验中
On previous occasions it had found
小狗发现 只有向左转时冷风才会停止
that the cold air only stopped when it turned left.
虽然有些犹豫
With little hesitation
它还是展示出了它已学会躲避不适的技能
it showed it had learnt the way to avoid discomfort.
这个实验表明了狗适应环境的速度
This experiment showed how quickly a dog could adapt to fit in.
最近有更多的证据证明了
And more recent evidence has revealed the extent
狗狗利用它们的智慧来和我们 交流
to which dogs have used their intelligence to communicate with us.
地平线 2010
狗狗的秘密生活
科学家们过去认为狗吠只是一种随意的叫声
Scientists used to assume that barking is a random noise
这种叫声没有具体信息或内容
without any specific information or content.
亚当·米克罗斯博士
罗兰大学
然而我们却不这样认为
However we had a different idea.
狗狗有可能在向我们倾诉某种感情
Dogs might tell us something about their emotions:
愤怒 害怕 开心 绝望
anger, fear, happiness, despair.
我想人类可以根据不同叫声
So these are basic emotions which I think human might be able to
识别这些基本感情
recognise in the barking sound.
为了验证这个想法
To test this idea,
亚当和队友设计了一些情景
Adam and his team acted out a number of scenarios,
用不同方式引起狗狗吠叫
provoking dogs to bark in different ways.
当人们听到这些狗叫的录音时
But when the recordings are played back to people,
他们能够识别叫声所对应的情感吗
will they be able to match the bark to the emotion?
这听起来像是在寻求关注
That sounds like a dog asking for attention.
它很焦虑
Aw. He’s anxious.
伤心 痛苦
Sad. Distressed.
它想挣脱锁链 之类的
It wants to be let off a chain or something like that.
我想它在和人玩
I think that one’s playful.
兴奋
Excitement.
它好像在和主人乞讨什么东西
It seems as though they were asking their owner for something.
它好像是在讨要球球或玩具
It sounds like if it may want a ball or a toy
或什么能玩的东西
or something it could be playing with.
小心有狗
生气了
Angry.
我们家的狗狗如果看到
This is the sound that she’d make
有人在栅栏外面走来走去
if she saw someone behind the fence,
也会发出这种声音
walking along.
有生人 我觉得
It’s a stranger, I think.
有生人侵入它的领地
It’s a stranger encroaching on territory.
麦可洛希的研究成果非常显著
The results of McClosey’s research are remarkable.
事实证明 人们能够十分清楚地辨别
It’s proved there’s incredibly strong agreement
不同狗叫所代表的不同含义
between people about what different barks mean.
在这项研究中 大体说来
Overall in the study you could say
人们可以认出六种叫声
that people can discriminate six barks
并且大部分人都能够成功识别
and most of them were quite successful in this.
令人惊奇的
What’s more surprising
并不是人类识别狗吠的能力
is not our ability to interpret the barks,
而是狗吠本身所透露的信息
but what it reveals about dogs.
自然界中与狗相近的野生动物其实并不吠叫
In the natural world, dogs’ wild relatives don’t really bark.
看来 在被人类驯化的过程中
Amazingly, it seems that during the course of domestication,
狗狗神奇地进化出精致的发声器官
dogs may have evolved their elaborate vocal repertoire,
尤其是用来和我们交流
especially to communicate with us.
我们驯服了这种野生动物
We tamed a wild animal,
我们把它请进家门