BBC.地平线.2012.认识狗狗

狼群中有一半
That one half of the pack
会先占好位置 静观情况
will take up position and lie very still
另一半则到处追赶
while the others work round
将猎物赶进埋伏圈
and drive the quarry into the waiting ambush.
这正是牧羊犬的工作方式
And that is precisely what a sheepdog is doing.
我们要利用野生动物的这种天性
Using this natural quality that we can see in the wild animals.
不过 狗有千万 所长不同
But it wasn’t a case of one dog fits all.
培育人员很快就发现 他们能够根据需要
Breeders soon realised they could breed for particular skills,
培育出拥有特殊技能的犬类专家
creating a fleet of canine specialists.
史宾格犬能够进行自我掩护
The Springer was in fact a dog that could get into cover,
搜寻目标 捕获猎物
could search out and flush the game.
它的工作方式
It worked like a pack of wild dogs
就像一群野狗同时进行搜寻工作
each one of which would be doing the same sort of searching.
最近有一种颇为成熟的猎犬 拉布拉多犬
One of the more recently developed gundogs is the Labrador.
最初由纽芬兰的渔民培育而出
It was originally bred in Newfoundland by the fishermen.
它的毛皮非常厚
Has a particularly thick coat
能够在冰水中长时间工作
and can work in icy waters for long periods.
人们训练它用嘴叼着缆绳
It was trained to swim ashore from fishing boats
在渔船和岸边往返
carrying a mooring rope between its teeth.
而在现代 它的工作是一种更简单的往返
Its modern function is a simple extension of this,
即把射中的猎物取回来
to retrieve game after it’s been shot.
巴吉度犬有着相当灵敏的嗅觉
The Basset Hound has a very fine sense of smell
人类用它打猎
and man has used it for hunting.
当一群巴吉度犬聚在一起
When the Hounds are being brought together,
它们会齐声吠叫
they bark in chorus and this is comparable
这与狼群在外出猎食前的集体嚎叫十分相似
to the communal howling of wolves before they set out.
我们提高狗的能力 以增强自身能力
The dog’s abilities were being harnessed to enhance our own.
我乐意将狗狗看作自我的延伸
I love to see the dog become being an extension of myself.
它让我拥有快捷的腿脚和灵敏的鼻子
It gives me four fast legs and a nose
狗狗可以帮我到达任何一处
and I can extend myself and put myself anywhere, through that dog.
狗狗出色地完成了所有任务
And dogs did everything that was asked of them so well,
随着时间推移 它们的工作范围也随之扩大
that as time went on, their job description expanded.
有些狗狗被培养成超级英雄
Some dogs were bred to be canine superheroes.
有个小伙子遇到麻烦了
Here’s a chap who is clearly in difficulties.
你看它游向溺水者的速度
Just see the speed at which the dog is swimming out
快吧
towards the drowning man.
另外一些狗狗以凶猛著称
While others were used for their ferocity.
让狗狗看家护院会让某些人感到不快
The very use of dogs as security guards offends some people,
但如果正确地训练和管理狗狗
but if they’re properly trained and handled,
它们将会成为抓捕罪犯的能手
they’re a very practical deterrent to would-be criminals.
狗的直觉甚至可以代替人类的感知
Dogs’ intuition could even be used to replace our own senses.
世界各地的狗狗都被训练得能够代替主人
All over the world, dogs were being trained to do jobs
做他们不能做 或是不愿做的事
that people couldn’t or wouldn’t do themselves.
从瑞士的阿尔卑斯雪崩救援犬
From the Avalanche Rescue Dogs of the Swiss Alps,
到加拿大极北地区的哈士奇雪橇队
to the Husky Sled Teams of Canada’s far north.
在纳♥米♥比♥亚♥ 人们饲养这种小狗
In Namibia, this puppy has been bred
用以保护山羊不被野兽吃掉
to protect goats from wild predators,
它们成年之后 方是用武之时
once he grows up.
几乎每一场战斗中
And in almost every world conflict,
狗狗都能在战场上立下功劳
dogs have earned their stripes on the battlefield.
越战时 美国士兵训练这些狗
These dogs are being trained by the Americans in Vietnam
用以识别 追赶 和袭击越共
to recognise, pursue and attack the Viet Cong.
俄♥国♥人甚至派狗去攻取最后国境
The Russians even sent dogs to conquer the final frontier.
这些苏联太空犬正在接受训练
These are Russian Space Dogs going through their training.
人与百兽 1963
犬
这项训练艰苦卓绝 只有顽强的狗才能胜任
And it’s a rigorous training that they need a hard one indeed.
这些狗必须适应这种极快的速度
They’ve got to get used to those tremendous speeds
它们在升空时会体会到
which they will gather as they go up into the skies.
这是训练它们的方法之一
And this is one of the ways in which they’ve been trained to do it.
看
Look at that.
这只装在飞笼中的狗
And here, one in its special harness
正在接受高速旋转训练
is being swung round and round at a tremendous pace,
这同样是为了使其能够承受
again, to learn to stand those tremendous forces
升空时所要承受的巨大压力
which are bound to be exerted on it as it goes up into the air.
又一颗人造卫星
太空狗
迈向宇宙第一步
苏联发射了第二颗人造地球卫星
The Soviet Union has launched a second earth satellite.
卫星上搭载一只狗 作为实验乘客
The satellite is carrying a dog as experimental passenger.
遗憾的是 太空狗莱卡没能成功返回地球
Sadly, Laika the Space Dog never made it back to Earth,
但它绝对一个是真正的先驱
but she was a true pioneer.
人类对狗狗的影响程度毋庸置疑
The extent of our impact on dogs is undeniable.
通过驯养 我们培育出了一些
Through breeding we’ve created dogs
可以和人类共同生活的温顺狗狗
that are tame enough to live with us
它们能为我们工作干活
and useful enough to work for us.
但人类的影响不止于此
But our influence didn’t stop there.
在人类干预狗狗进化的过程中
It turns out there’s a curious by-product
意外地得到了一些奇妙的收获
to all of our messing with dog evolution.
基于狗狗的能力和性情的精挑细选
In selecting dogs based on their abilities or good nature,
使得我们改变了狗狗的生理特征
we’ve actually changed their physical characteristics.
地平线节目深入地调查了物种选择
Horizon has looked at the remarkable impact
对狗狗外形的深刻影响
human selection has had on dogs’ appearance.
跟其他动物相比
The dog shows more diversity
狗在体型 外形 和颜色上
of size, shape and colour
有着更多的多样性
than perhaps any other species.
在进化论问世之前 人们坚信
Before Darwin, it was believed
每个犬种一直是单独存在的
that each breed of dog had always existed separately
根本就没有进化这种说法
and that no evolution had taken place.
达尔文认为 多样的犬种
Darwin thought that various breeds of dog
是偶然的基因突变造成的结果
were the result of accidental mutations
人类一直有意维持着这样的突变
which had been artificially preserved by man.
而如今 我们得知这些都是
Today, we know that they are simply the result
精心选择和培育的结果
of generations of selection and careful breeding.
实际上 人类选择性地保留了
What’s happened is that a great variety of characters
多种不同的狗的特性
have been selected and preserved by man,
而在野外环境中
whereas in the wild,
带有这些特性的动物都无法生存
animals showing these characters would never have survived.
通常
Very often, of course,
这些特性会显现在生病的动物身上
this peculiarity is associated with the animal being sick
或是轻微感染 或是稍有残疾
or diseased in some way, or crippled slightly.
它们被捕获的几率因此变大
The chance of a predator catching such an individual is greater.
所以 猎食者通常会追杀
And so the predators tend to pick out
这类有轻微缺陷的动物
slightly unusual animals and take them.
约克夏犬
Toy Yorkies!
纯种的约克夏犬
Pedigree stuff only!
人类从野生坏境中挑出一些个体
Once man has taken a few individuals from the wild
进行培育
and starts breeding them,
这当然是一种保护行为
he of course is protecting them.
他可以选择保留任何独特之处
And he can select anything peculiar that crops up.
最终 当然 在培育犬种方面
And ultimately, of course, in the case of the dog,
人类能够培育出最稀奇的品种
he was able to select the most bizarre kinds of breed
集结了所有这些古怪的特征
concentrating these curious features
也许野狗也会带有这些特征
that might have cropped up in the wild
但它们绝对不会存活下来
but would never have survived,
这一点被很多犬种证实了
more and more into a given breed of dog.
要大型寻回犬还是要拉布拉多寻回犬
Outsized or Labrador Retriever.
渐渐地
As time went on,
某些犬种纯粹是出于外观需求得以繁育
some dogs were being bred solely for appearance.
人们选中一只幼犬
And every time a puppy was chosen
往往是看中了它卷尾或柔毛
for its curly tail or soft coat,
这又为增添当今犬种的多样化
it was another step towards the diverse range of dogs
做出了一大贡献
that exist today.
从西施犬到圣伯纳犬
From the Shih Tzu to the St. Bernard,
所有现代犬种都是人类创造出来的
every modern dog breed has been created by us.
如今 爱狗人士可以培育出
Dog lovers now had the tools to create the dogs
他们最期待的品种
they found most appealing,
这就产生了一些有趣的后果
which had some interesting consequences.
在经过几个世纪的选择性培育之后
These dogs have been selectively bred over the centuries
人类动物 1994
不老基因
这些狗狗变得越来越像婴儿
to make them more and more baby-like.
它们的脸变得很平 眼睛变得很大
Their faces have been flattened, their eyes enlarged,
身体更加圆润 毛发更加柔软