BBC.地平线.2012.认识狗狗

地平线
之
认识狗狗
有一种动物比其他动物
There’s one animal that has captured the human heart and mind
更能俘获人心
more than any other.
你不必到野外苦寻
But you don’t need to go into the wild to find it,
也不必到动物园围观
or even a zoo.
它们的自然居所就在你家
Its natural habitat is your living room
这种动物 就是狗
and that animal is the dog.
人类和狗狗已经共同生活了一万两千多年
Human beings have been living with dogs for over 12,000 years.
狗狗与人类的亲密程度远远胜过其他动物
We’re closer to them than to any other animal,
它们就是我们日常生活的一部分
they’re part of the fabric of our daily lives.
不过 除了这段共同度过的漫长岁月
But despite our long shared history,
我们对犬类朋友的真正了解又有多少呢
how much do we really know about our canine friends?
四十多年来 地平线节目和英国广播公♥司♥
For over 40 years, Horizon and the BBC
一直致力于犬类本性的研究
have been examining the nature of dogs.
如果一只狗像这样竖起耳朵
The ears when they are upright like that,
就说明它没那么好战
they mean the animal is less aggressive.
为了深入了解
In a bid to better understand
狗狗和人类之间既亲密又复杂的关系
the intense and often complex relationship we have with them.
软糖掌控了主导权 虽然我很想掌控
Fudge is definitely in charge. I want to be in control.
他本该是我的宠物
He’s meant to be my pet
但在那一瞬间 却成了我的主人
and at the moment, he is the master.
从探索狗的起源
From discovering their origins
到揭示在其进化过程中人类所扮演的角色
to revealing our own role in the dogs’ evolution.
这种狗的腿很短
Well, they’ve only got little legs,
短到堪称”残疾”
and they’re a bit deformed as well.
但在我看来 这一只几近完美
But this one, for me, is absolute perfection.
科学家们一直在努力破解狗狗的莫名行为
Scientists have tried to decipher dogs’ often puzzling behaviour
以及人类的不同态度
and have discovered the impact
对狗狗产生的影响
of our wildly varying attitude towards them.
小坏蛋
Bad Dogs!
从极端的关爱
From one extreme–
我认为会有喜欢时尚的主人
I feel that perhaps there’s a whole market of fashionable people
为他们的狗狗寻找这种时尚的衣物
who are just looking for this type of whimsical, fun approach.
到极端的虐待
–to another.
他死在那里已经很多天了
I’d say he’s been down there for days.
现在 我们能用所学知识
Now, can we use what we’ve learnt
重新检测我们对狗狗的认知吗
to re-examine our thinking about dogs?
在驯化过程中
Sometime in the domestication of the dog,
我们改变了狗的思维模式
we’ve changed the way their brains work.
相应地 我们应该改变对待狗狗的方式吗
And should that change the way we treat them?
坐 坐
Sit! Sit!
跳 跳
Up! Up!
狗的起源以及它们融入人类生活的方法
The origin of dogs and how they became part of our lives
一直很令我们着迷
has always fascinated us.
直到二十世纪六十年代
But it wasn’t until the 1960s
科学家们才开始真正探索
that scientists really began to explore
狗是如何从野生的犬类祖先进化而来的
how the dog might be descended from a wilder canine ancestor.
地平线
地平线 1969
一个鼻子四条腿
在西德的基尔
In West Germany at Kiel,
科学家们正在研究家养动物
scientists are studying domesticated animals,
即被人类驯化了几千年的动物
animals bred by man for thousands of years.
埃里克·兹曼的专题研究就是狗
Eric Zimen’s special study is the dog.
埃里克·兹曼
动物学家
他正试图创立狗的确切起源理论
He’s attempting to establish how exactly it originated
以及在驯化过程中它们的变化
and what has happened to it under domestication.
他认为狗的祖先是狼
He believes the dog is derived from the wolf.
证明方法之一便是看它们能否交♥配♥
One proof is to see if it’s possible to cross one with the other.
一只公贵宾和一匹母狼配对成功了
And here they have successfully mated a poodle with a female wolf.
马克西 过来 过来 马克西
Maxi, come here. Come, Maxi!
过来 马克西 过来
Come, Maxi! Come.
马克西是那匹母狼 朱利叶斯是那只公狗
Maxi is the wolf, and Julius, the dog
它们已经在这里共同生活了七年
have been living here now for seven years.
它们大约生了四十个孩子
They have had about 40 children
它们的孩子又生了六七十个孙子
and 60 to 70 grandchildren.
这些是狼与狗交♥配♥繁殖的第一代
These are the children, the first generation.
它们长得既不像狼也不像狗
Creatures which look neither like wolf nor poodle.
如你所见 它们双耳耸立 全身乌黑
As you can see, they have standing ears, they have black colour.
耳朵遗传自狼妈妈 毛色遗传自狗爸爸
The ear is from the wolf, the colour is from the dog.
它们的行为举止则遗传自父母双方
In behaviour, they are in between.
它们是半狼半狗
They are half-dogs, half-wolves.
这些是狼与狗交♥配♥繁殖的第二代
These are the grandchildren, the second generation
它们的遗传特性更加明显
and their inherited characteristics are clearer.
有些趋近贵宾犬
Some closely resemble poodles.
有些更像狼
Others wolves.
马和驴杂交的骡子没有生育能力
Unlike the horse and the donkey
与它们不同
which produce a sterile mule,
狼和狗生出的后代能够继续繁衍
the fertility of the offspring of the wolf and poodle
这点证明了狼和狗之间的紧密联♥系♥
is evidence of the close relationship between the two.
在DNA检测法尚未问世以前
In the days before DNA testing,
本次杂交繁育的成功被视为
the success of this crossbreeding was seen as evidence
狼狗之间存在基因关联的强有力证据
of a strong genetic connection between the two species,
然而要想得到最终定论
although it would be another 30 years
还需三十年
before this was proven conclusively.
但是早期人类为什么要亲近野生动物呢
But why would early humans have befriended a wild animal?
有一种驯化理论指出
One theory about the domestication of the dog
迈克尔·波尔
动物学家
由于狼跟随人类狩猎
is that wolves followed men hunting
便逐渐参与到人类生活中了
and gradually became involved in men hunting activities.
如果假设成立
If this is the case,
这会是一种自然的共生关系
this would be a very natural symbiosis.
因为狗具备某些人类没有的特征
Because dogs possess some features which man lack.
它们的敏锐嗅觉对狩猎帮助极大
They have a superb sense of smell which is useful in hunting
而且它们跑得比人快
and they can run faster than man.
科学家们试图重现
Scientists tried to recreate
人类首次接触此种生物的情景
what that first contact might have been like.
这大概是未经驯化的野狼
This is probably the first time that untamed wolves
第一次套上雪橇
have been harnessed to a sledge.
这也许重现了一万年的早期人类
Maybe this is repeating what early man did about 10,000 years ago
驯服野狼的情景
when he started to socialise wolves.
他把狼群聚在一起
He kept them together.
在自己的群体中圈养起来
He kept them close to his own society.
这样 人类便驯服了狼群
In this way, he got them tame,
并让大小不一的狼种交♥配♥繁殖
he crossed small and big wolves
由此得到不同种类的狼 并循环往复
and that way he got them different breeds and so on.
最初人们花了极长的时间驯养野狼
The beginning took a very long time,
起码有上千年之久
let’s say, many thousand years.
为了更好地了解
To better understand
狼群逐渐融入人类社会的过程
how wolves gradually became members of our society,
科学家们将注意力投向了
scientists have looked to
今日生活在我们身边的大量半驯化狗狗
the millions of semi-wild dogs living around us today.
自然世界 2002
狗狗的阴谋
全世界
All over the world,
成千上万的狗狗生活在人类社会的边缘
millions of dogs live on the fringes of human society,
净化着我们的家园和村庄
scavenging around our homes and villages.
它们与鸽子有着异曲同工之处
They are the canine equivalent of a city pigeon.
我们对狗狗几乎视而不见
Creatures which we largely ignore,
它们的存在却毫无违和感
but allowed to live among us.
实际上这样才是狗狗的理想生活方式
This way of life is in fact the natural habitat for the dog.
世界上约有四亿条狗如此生活着
And most of the world’s 400 million still live like this,
它们吃垃圾 捡残渣
parasites, unobtrusive scavengers
默默地在我们身边求生存
who gently exploit us.
你可能认为它们是流浪狗
Although it’s tempting to think of them all as strays
或是走失的宠物狗 甚至会怜悯它们
and escaped pets, and maybe even pity them,
但这些村头狗正是狼的后代
these village dogs are in fact what the wolves became,
它们在我们的村庄周围
acting as natural waste disposal teams
组成了自然废物处理小分队
around our homes and villages.
战胜了对人类与生俱来的恐惧之后
By overcoming their instinctive fear of us,
它们发现 在营火旁舔食人类的残羹剩饭
they found it was easier to take scraps from our campfires
要比自己猎杀食物容易很多