卢浮宫的珍宝（2013）

樊尚·德略万
Vincent Delieuvin.
我看不惯蒙娜丽莎的地方在于
The problem I have got with the Mona Lisa
媒体把她吹捧成了一个大明星
is that she is such a big media star.
你需要试着忽略
What you have to do is to try and forget
她是个大明星这件事
that she is such a big star
而专注于画作本身
and really get into the painting.
细细品味它 因它本身而爱它
Get up close and love it for what it is,
她明显在吸引我们来爱她
and she definitely invites us to love her.
这位画家实在是才华横溢
It’s such an incredible ability of the painter to
竟能描绘出最难以描绘的 最微妙的表情
portray that most difficult and subtle of human expressions,
微笑
the smile.
我们可以用一千种方法来解释一个微笑
There are 1,000 ways of interpreting a smile,
这就是莱昂纳多的天才之处
and that was the genius of Leonardo,
他能够捕捉到如此微妙又丰富的人物表情
to be able to capture ‘such a subtle and rich human expression.
-她真勾人 -她当然勾人
– She is such a flirt. – Of course she’s a huge flirt.
法国人就好这一口
The French like that sort of thing,
不过说真的 你不会真对她毫无感觉吧
but hey, you’re not completely untouched by her, are you?’
*蒙娜丽莎*
*Mona Liiiii-saaaa.*
关于这幅画 还有什么能说的呢
What else is there left to say about this painting?
十六世纪时
Only that in the 16th century,
这幅《焦孔多夫人》 即《蒙娜丽莎》的法语名
La Joconde, as it’s known in France,
是西方艺术界的一次创新
was something quite new in Western art.
在观赏者和画中人物之间建立联♥系♥
The idea of creating a sense of contact
这种做法以前从未有过
between the viewer and the subject had never been done before.
她将双手转向我们的姿势也很新颖
Or the open posture with her hands turned towards us.
她在向我们问好
She’s greeting us
就像我们在她的寝宫里 甚至闺房♥里一般
as if we were in her palace, in her room, even.
它甚至在对我们微笑
And it’s even smiling at us.
这种将观赏者引入画中的技术
That technique of drawing the viewer directly into the painting
是极具创造力的
was hugely innovative.
这代表着西方艺术的新纪♥元♥吗
Was all this a new departure for Western art?
绝对的
Absolutely.
你见过的政♥治♥家肖像中
How many politicians’ portraits
有多少沿袭了《蒙娜丽莎》的风格
have you seen in the style of La Joconde?
每个人都在学莱昂纳多
Everyone uses Leonardo’s style,
从框架到姿势
from the framing to the posture,
再到直接将人物与观赏者联♥系♥起来的方法
to the direct approach of the subject to the audience.
这种方法对当时的肖像创作有多大的影响呢
So how influential was this approach to portraiture at the time?
现在让我们回到弗朗索瓦的肖像上
Well, let’s go back to the portrait of Francois.
此画的创作者让·克卢埃 看过《蒙娜丽莎》吗
Had its creator, Jean Clouet, seen the Mona Lisa?
我们无从考证
We don’t actually know.
但弗朗索瓦确实直视着我们的双眼
But Francois does look us straight in the eye.
他的身体转向观赏者
His body is turned towards the viewer
双手也与达·芬奇的佛罗伦萨女士方向相同
and his hands face the same way as da Vinci’s Florentine lady.
而且与她一样
And as with her,
我们也被这位国王的个人魅力吸引
we are drawn towards the personality of the King.
弗朗索瓦不仅仅是位艺术资助人
Francois was not only a patron of the arts
还是位宫殿的建造者
but a builder of palaces.
他去意大利住了一段时间
He’d spent some time in Italy
他想要模仿文艺复兴豪♥宅♥的风格
and he wanted to emulate the style of the Renaissance palazzi.
于是 中世纪的塔楼被拆毁
So the medieval tower was pulled down.
建起了护城河 以及方形庭院
Moats were filled in and a courtyard built, the Cour Carree,
其上是雄伟华丽的建筑正面
overlooked by this imposing and ornamented facade.
庭院内部
And within,
国王下令重新装潢这阴郁的皇家官邸
the King demanded a makeover of gloomy royal apartments.
这是卡娅第德厅
This is the Salle des Caryatides.
这是最能抓住文艺复兴时卢浮宫的
I think it’s a place that best captures the spirit and feeling
灵魂和精神的地方
of the Renaissance Louvre.
在这里 科学与自然和谐相融
It’s a vision of science and nature in harmony,
这也是法国古典主义传统的开端
and it signals the beginning of the French classical tradition.
这种风格 可以参照让·古戎的四座雕像
You can see its expression in the four sculptures by Jean Goujon,
大厅也因此而得名
which give the room its name.
这就是四座卡娅第德雕像
These are the four Caryatides.
它们既可以当柱子
They have a function as pillars,
本身也是艺术珍宝
but they are also works of art in themselves –
外形优美
beautifully sculpted forms,
每个线条和褶皱都活灵活现
every curve and fold capturing a fleshy allure.
它们守卫着我们面前这典雅的阶梯
And they stand sentinel to an elegant stairway that reveals to us
这也是一件卢浮珍宝
yet another treasure of the Louvre.
环视四周
If we look around here,
我们会看到让·古戎雕刻的图案
we see images also sculpted by Jean Goujon.
这让我们想到了下令建造这段
And they give us pointers to the man who commissioned this passageway,
连接宫殿一二两层走廊的男人
between the first and second floors of the palace.
他和他的情人喜欢打猎
He and his mistress have a love of hunting.
看看这个字母”H”
And here, look at this letter H.
这是皇家交织字母
That’s a royal monogram,
雕刻在石头里的身份标识
a kind of graffiti tag chiselled in stone.
“H”代表亨利二世 弗朗索瓦二世的继承人
And H stands for Henri II, who succeeded Francois II.
不论宫殿内外
Both within and without,
每一个想把卢浮宫作为权力象征的统治者
every ruler who wanted to use the Louvre as a symbol of their power
都会用这种方式留下标记
would leave their mark in this way.
所以 这墙壁仿佛是留给后世的史书
So, the walls read like an alphabet designed for posterity.
文艺复兴时的卢浮宫是出色文化的聚集地
The Renaissance Louvre was a place of great culture
但臭名昭著的圣巴托罗缪大屠♥杀♥
but it was also the location for great violence
却让这里充满暴♥力♥
during the infamous Saint Bartholomew’s Eve massacre.
天主教♥徒♥和胡格诺派新教♥徒♥的宗教战争
When religious war between Catholics and Huguenot Protestants
就要让法国四分五裂之时
threatened to tear France apart,
这座宫殿见证了世人惊恐
the palace was witness to great horror
这一切始于宫殿旁的圣日耳曼奥塞尔教堂
that began with that most familiar of sounds
传来的再熟悉不过的声响
from the nearby church of Saint Germain L’Auxerrois.
1572年8月24日凌晨
In the early hours of the 24th of August 1572,
僧侣们敲钟开始早课的声音
the sound of monks tolling the bell for Matins
在巴黎人♥民♥听来再平常不过
could be heard as usual throughout the streets of Paris.
但在这个特别的清晨
But this particular morning,
这稀松平常的舒缓钟声
this normally reassuring sound
成为了大屠♥杀♥开始的讯号♥
was the cue for slaughter to begin,
天主教♥徒♥们就要开始残杀新教♥徒♥
of Protestants by Catholics.
他们高喊着 “把他们都杀光”
“Tuez-les tous!” was the battle cry. “Kill them all!”
卢浮宫传记作家丹尼尔·苏利耶
Writer on the Louvre, Daniel Soulier,
向我描述了法国的这一权力中心
told me about the moment the very heart of power in France
变成杀人之所的情景
became a killing field.
这几扇是王后房♥间的窗户
These windows were the Queen’s rooms.
圣巴托罗缪大屠♥杀♥的几项重要决议
So all the key decisions surrounding the Saint Bartholomew massacre
都是在我们几米之上决定的
would have taken place just metres above where we are now sat.
许许多多的人
We know that many people
在卢浮宫的庭院里被杀害
were killed here in the courtyards of the Louvre.
在皇家官邸杀人 他们其实是有犹豫的
They were slightly hesitant to kill people in the actual royal apartments,
我们可以想象 他们把人们拖出来
so we imagine that they dragged a lot of people out here
然后再杀害
in order to kill them.
坊间还有另外一个版本
There is another story that people tell.
当时的国王 查理九世
The King at the time, Charles IX,
坐在阳台的窗户上 手拿石弓
sat in a balcony window with a crossbow,
射向胡格诺教♥徒♥
firing down upon Huguenots
他们正逃往塞纳河
who were trying to escape on the River Seine.
这场大屠♥杀♥中有一位幸存者
There was a survivor of this terrible day in the Louvre,
那就是胡格诺派皇族 纳瓦拉王亨利
a Huguenot prince of the blood, Henri of Navarre.
大屠♥杀♥之前
Days before the massacre,
亨利娶了查理九世的妹妹 瓦卢瓦的玛格丽特
Henri had married the sister of Charles IX, Marguerite de Valois.
二十年后 这对爱侣成了法国国王和王后
20 years later, the couple were King and Queen of France.
最后一位瓦卢瓦国王死时并无子嗣
The last Valois king had died childless
顺位继承王位的亨利
and Henri, next in line to the throne,
成为了波旁王朝的首位统治者
became the first ruler of a new dynasty, the Bourbons.
但为了让法国人♥民♥认可这位亨利四世
But to become Henri IV for all of France,
并得以在巴黎登基 他需要做出妥协
and crowned as such in Paris, a deal needed to be struck.
亨利必须改信天主教
Henri would have to convert to Catholicism.
圣奥诺雷街
他走过这里
He passed through here,
卢浮宫对面的圣奥诺雷街
the Rue St Honore, which is just opposite the Louvre,
走向圣母院聆听弥撒
heading for Notre Dame to hear Mass,
那一天是1594年3月22日
and this was the 22nd of March, 1594.
他这么做 是为了还法国和平与统一