《星际穿越》中的科学

To contemplate the mysteries of space, time and the universe…
会使一个人感到非常渺小
…can make a person feel mighty small.
也许降低我们的眼光 蹲下来专注于地球最好了
Maybe it’s best to lower our sights, hunker down and focus on planet Earth.
但从长远来看 对于人类来说这不是个选项
But that’s not really an option for humanity in the long run.
《星际穿越》描述的未来 那时地球上的生活环境很糟糕
Interstellar depicts a future where living conditions on Earth are grim.
如果我们离开的时候地球上的人都死了
Our mission does not work if the people on Earth
我们的任务就失败了
are dead by the time we pull it off.
庄稼颗粒无收
Failing crops.
尘埃滚滚
Clouds of dust.
道路塞满了难民
Roads clogged with refugees.
听起来很熟悉
Sound familiar?
那是因为我们之前已经受过这种状况
That’s because we’ve lived through this scenario before.
在上世纪30年代 大平原遭遇过极端干旱
In the 1930s, the Great Plains were hit by extreme drought.
农民耕犁了原生草原
Farmers had plowed up native grasslands.
当耕种失败时 无保护的表层土
When crops failed, unprotected topsoil billowed
扬起翻腾成乌云 遮蔽天空数日
into clouds that darkened the sky for days.
大约40万人在干旱沙暴期间 几乎失去了一切
Some 400,000 people lost nearly everything during the dust bowl.
美国历史上最严重的一次 人为生态灾害
One of America’s worst man-made ecological disasters.
这是《星际穿越》中描述的灾难模型
It was the model for the calamity depicted in Interstellar.
我真的希望试着抓住观众…
I really wanted to try and bring the audiences’ attention…
对这种事情真的会发生 这一想法的注意力
…to the idea that this sort of thing really can happen.
使我吃惊的是 你能找到的图像…
And it struck me that the imagery that you can find…
比你在科幻电影中看到的任何图像
…was so much more extraordinary
都要非同寻常的多得多
than anything you see in a science fiction film.
实际上 在我们对它的描写中
And, indeed, in our portrayal of it,
我们必须不加掩饰地把它稀释
we had to frankly water it down.
但我们永远不会让干旱尘暴 再次发生 对吧
But we’d never let a dust bowl happen again, would we?
在最近几年 美国西南部城市 尤其是德克萨斯…
In recent years, cities in the American Southwest, especially Texas…
已遭受了多次巨大规模沙尘暴
…have been battered by huge dust storms.
它们导致了多起重大交通事故 并破坏了基础设施
They’ve caused fatal traffic accidents and damaged infrastructure.
起因为加州大学洛杉矶分校地理学家
The causes are frighteningly familiar
格雷戈·奥金惊人熟知…
to UCLA geographer Greg Okin…
他是风与尘动力学方面的专家
…an expert on the dynamics of wind and dust.
我们有易受风侵蚀的土壤
We have wind-erodible soil.
我们有破坏了原生植被的农业
We have agriculture that’s disturbed the native vegetation.
格雷戈·奥金 加州大学洛杉矶分校
因作物欠收 我们有裸♥露♥土壤
We have bare ground because crops fail.
我们有多风气候环境
And we have windy conditions.
所以所有在干旱尘暴区发生的
So all of the same things that happened
同样事件 现在也正在发生着
in the dust bowl are happening now.
气候模型的变化 预示着全球变暖
Models of climate change predict higher global temperatures.
这可能意味着更多的干旱天气
That probably means more droughts.
经济压力会导致对荒地耕种的增加
Economic pressures may lead to increased farming of wildlands.
如果由于干旱作物欠收 这会意味着更多的沙尘
If crops fail due to drought, that could mean more dust.
这会发生在中国
It could happen in China.
这会发生在非洲
It could happen in Africa.
当这些因素的任何一个出现时
Any of these factors, when they’re in place,
就会引发我们所说的干旱尘暴
could cause what we have called the dust bowl.
更糟糕的是…
And to make matters worse…
今天的沙尘 比上世纪30年代的脏得多
…dust is much dirtier today than it was in the 1930s.
沙尘正在与来自城市的 污染云相互作用…
The dust that is interacting with clouds of pollution from cities…
在城市和工业活动中产生的污染云…
…in urban and industrial activities, um…
实际上表现得比普通的沙尘更加有害
…that actually does appear to also be more noxious than regular dust.
风把沙尘吹过海洋和大♥陆♥ 最终送进我们的肺
Winds blow dust across oceans and continents and into our lungs.
灰尘特别对于 患有哮喘的孩子来说是个大问题
Dust, particularly for kids with asthma, is a really big problem.
实际上对于与灰尘有关的
There’s actually quite good evidence…
儿科住院有很有力的证据
…for dust being correlated with pediatric hospital admissions.
这就是真正明确的证据所在
That’s where the really clear evidence is.
没人预测到上世纪30年代的干旱尘暴
No one predicted the dust bowl of the 1930s.
今天我们应该更好地认识这一点
Today, we should know better.
我们汲取了重要的教训 计划不周的人类活动…
We learned the important lesson that poorly-planned human activity…
加上预料不到的气候变化 就会导致灾难
…plus unexpected climate variability can lead to disaster.
需要担忧的有很多
There’s a lot to worry about.
不幸的是我们没有很好地追踪记录
Sadly, we don’t have a great track record taking care
来照顾好我们的地球母亲
of Mother Earth.
但是地球也受到来自 远远超出我们控制的力量的威胁
But the planet is also threatened by forces far beyond our control.
2013年2月15日…
February 15th, 2013…
一颗比太阳还要耀眼的流星 划过西伯利亚
…a meteor shining brighter than the sun streaks across Siberia.
这是一个直径65英尺的陨石…
It’s a rock 65 feet in diameter…
当它在半空爆♥炸♥时
mend when it explodes in midair,
它释放的能量超过在广岛投下的…
it releases more than 20 times the energy…
原♥子♥弹♥爆♥炸♥能量的20倍
…of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
没人被杀死 但超过1000人受伤
No one was killed, but more than a thousand people were injured.
此前小行星撞击过地球
Asteroids have struck Earth before.
大约6500百万年前…
Some 65 million years ago…
一个6英里宽的大怪物 可能消灭了地球上半数的物种
…a monster 6 miles wide may have wiped out half the species on Earth.
记得恐龙吧
Remember the dinosaurs?
类似的影响 或者更糟 随时都可能会发生…
A similar impact, or worse, could happen any time…
并把我们的蓝色星球变成无生命之地
…and turn our blue marble into a lifeless rock.
底线呢
And the bottom line?
地球无法永远地供养我们
Earth cannot sustain us forever.
在几十亿年之后 太阳当开始死亡时就会膨胀…
In a few billion years, our sun will expand as it begins to die…
而我们的星球就会被烤焦
…and our planet will be toast.
但是有好消息
But there’s good news.
不像恐龙那样…
Unlike the dinosaurs–
飞行人员 关闭并扣上你的头盔 准备起飞
Flight crew, close and lock your visors. Time to fly.
我们可以离开地球
we can leave Earth.
倒计时 十 九…
T-minus-10, nine…
点火序列启动
Ignition sequence start.
六 五 四 三 二 一
Six, five, four, three, two, one.
零
Zero.
航♥天♥飞机亚特兰蒂斯起飞
Zero and liftoff of space shuttle Atlantis.
今天 接近600人已去过太空
Today, nearly 600 people have traveled to space.
在航♥天♥时代 玛莎·埃文斯去过5次了
During the shuttle era, Marsha Ivins made the trip five times.
为了记录所有这些
In order to record all of this, urn,
我们已经创造了这个布线梦魔
we have created this, uh, wiring nightmare here.
在肯尼迪航♥天♥中心的游客中心 她探访了一位老朋友
At Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, she checks in on an old friend.
我看到亚特兰蒂斯悬在这儿
I look at Atlantis hanging here,
这是超现实的体验去想…
it’s a surreal kind of experience to think…
玛莎·埃文斯 美国宇航局前宇航员
我驾驶它飞向太空
…I flew that into space.
这仍是我很难相信的东西
It’s still something that I have a hard time believing.
-嗨 -我叫塔尼娅
– Hi. – My name is Tanya.
一 二 三
One, two, three.
这让我感觉非常好 人们仍然对于我们驾驶这个…
And it makes me feel good that people still have a wonder…
运载工具飞向太空…
…and an amazement and a pure joy…
感到好奇 惊讶和单纯的快乐
…for the fact that we did fly this vehicle into space.
对于玛莎来说 每次任务都像她首次经历一样惊险
For Marsha, each mission was as breathtaking as her first.
我在空中仰望…
I looked up overhead…
这里是这个黑色天空和这个蓝色地球
…and here was this black sky and this blue Earth.
突然真实意识到”我已不在地球上了”
All hits you at that point, “I am not on the planet anymore.”
每一个飞上去又返回来的 宇航员都说了同样的话
And every astronaut who has flown has come back and said the same thing.
在你绕着地球运转时…
As you circle the Earth…
你看不到国家之间的 自然疆界和分界线
…you do not see natural borders and boundaries that separate the countries.
从那个角度来看
And all of the wars and the angst
所有分♥裂♥这个星球的战争…
and the strife that tear this planet apart…
恐惧和冲突都显得如此微不足道
…seem so insignificant from that view.
对我来说…
To me…
克里斯托弗·诺兰 《星际穿越》导演 编剧
太空旅行 太空探索
…space travel, space exploration
一直代表着终极边疆
has always represented the ultimate frontier.
这是人类所体验的绝对尽头…
It’s of the absolute extremities of what human experience is…
在某种意义上
…and it’s all about trying to,
这全都关于 在宇宙中定义我们的家园
in some way, define our place in the universe.
距离阿波罗11号♥发射还有40秒
Forty seconds away from the Apollo 11 liftoff.
我记得小时候
I remember growing up as a kid…
我们俩都为这飞行的冲动而着迷
…and we were both fascinated by this impulse to flight.
乔纳森·诺兰 《星际穿越》编剧
这种对于构建无法想象的机器
This impulse to build unimaginable machines
并利用它们发射到太空的冲动
and use them to blast off into space.
最后一次进入舱门
Having fired the imagination of a generation,
已经点燃了一代的想象力
pulls into port for the last time.
在飞行了超过5亿英里之后