《星际穿越》中的科学

…and now you can see the individual stars
开启的情况下看到单个的恒星
with adaptive optics turned on.
因此这里的每一个光点 都对应这一颗独♥立♥的恒星
So each point of light here is associated with an individual star.
安德里亚将该技术运用到 位于夏威夷的凯克天文台
Andrea put that technique to work at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii.
这是导向图
This is a road map.
她和她的团队开始追踪
And she and her team began to track the stars
位于银河系中心的恒星
at the center of the Milky Way.
而那就是我们银河系的中心
And that’s the center of our galaxy.
我们第一年获取数据是在1995年
The very first year that we took the data was in 1995.
然后我们在1996年回到望远镜
Then we go back to the telescope in ’96,
然后我们获得了第二张图像…
then we take our second image…
你有了两张照片 那么你就可以比较它们
…and you have two pictures, and you can compare them.
安德里亚想要看看
Andrea wanted to see if
恒星是否在绕行单一来源的引力…
the stars were orbiting a single source of gravity…
但 恒星完成一次绕行会花费数年
…but stars can take years to complete an orbit.
所以我们持续监测非常重要…
And so it was really important that we kept going…
到了2000年 我们终于开始看到恒星的曲线
…and by 2000 we finally started to see the star’s curve.
换句话说 黑洞的引力影响…
In other words, the gravitational influence of the black hole, um…
已使这些恒星运行轨迹 从直线开始弯曲
…had made those stars go from straight lines to starting to bend.
足够精确地看到该曲率
Precise enough to see that curvature.
年复一年 安德里亚和团队构建了他们的论据
Year by year, Andrea and her team built their case.
这个动画代表了二十年的工作成就…
This animation represents, uh, 20 years of work…
它告诉你黑洞存在
…and it tells you that there is a black hole,
并且准确地告诉你它有多么巨大
and exactly how massive it is.
安德里亚艰苦的项目 揭示了一个大怪物…
Andrea’s painstaking project revealed a monster…
在我们的银河系中心…
…with more than 4 million times the mass of our sun…
有个超过太阳质量400万倍的大怪物
…at the center of our Milky Way.
今天科学家们 正在借助新工具追逐黑洞
Today, scientists are hunting black holes with new tools.
加州理工天体物理学家菲奥娜·哈里森
Caltech astrophysicist Fiona Harrison scans
借助NuSTAR扫描天空…
the skies with NuSTAR…
一种以高能X射线观测宇宙的望远镜
…a telescope that looks at the universe in high-energy x-rays.
黑洞自身不发光…
The black hole itself doesn’t emit light…
但掉落在黑洞上的尘埃和气体…
…but dust and gas falls onto the black holes…
菲奥娜·哈里森 加州理工学院
在这种情况下 它会升温 并会放射出X射线
…and in doing so, it heats up, and it emits x-rays.
在消耗物质的过程中 NuSTAR就会捕获黑洞…
NuSTAR captures black holes in the process of feasting on matter…
而且望远镜在监测它们所有位置
…and the telescope is spotting them all over the place.
仅在10年20年前 我们还认为黑洞非常罕见
It’s really only 10, 2O years ago that we thought black holes were rare.
现在我们知道每一个银河系 就像我们的银河系…
We now know that every galaxy, like our Milky Way…
在其中心都有一个巨大的黑洞
…has a massive black hole at its heart.
所以不要只是好奇
So rather than just being curiosities,
对于宇宙为什么是这个样子的…
they’re actually fundamentally important…
它们其实非常重要
…to why the universe is the way it is.
那么地球处于危险 正在被黑洞吞噬吗
So is the Earth at risk of getting swallowed by a black hole?
尽管我们有黑洞散布于银河系…
Even though we have black holes sprinkled throughout the galaxy…
但我们绝对没有危险
…we’re in absolutely no danger.
黑洞会吞噬地球是常见的误解
It’s a common misconception that black holes might suck the Earth.
不会有吞噬发生 这只是正常的引力
Well, there’s no sucking going on, it’s just normal gravity.
只是当你与其靠得非常近时…
It’s just when you get very close to it…
有一个区域 光都无法逃离…
…that there’s a region from which light can’t even escape…
而地球不会发生这种情况
…and Earth is not gonna do that.
但在《星际穿越》中
But in Interstellar…
宇航员与黑洞有一次危险的近距离遭遇
…crew members have a precariously close encounter with a black hole.
我们还没为此做好准备
Oh, we are not prepared for this.
野兽对他们来说会是什么样的
What would the beast look like to them?
基普非常坚持的其中之一是…
One of the things that Kip was very insistent on…
黑洞是球形的 而且它是完全黑暗的
…is that the black hole, it’s spherical, but it’s absolutely black.
它没有表面细节
It has no surface detail.
不会产生阴影 或者高光什么的
Doesn’t give shadows or highlights or anything.
但早些时候 我们在谈论吸积盘
But then early on, we were talking about accretion disks.
这给了我们确定该东西是球形的方法
And that gave us a way to define the spherical shape of the thing.
黑洞的吸积盘是由气体
A black hole’s accretion disk is made up of gas
尘埃和磁场组成…
and dust and magnetic fields…
并以高速旋转…
…that spin at high speeds…
发射出光和热
…radiating heat and light.
实际上黑洞的引力
The black hole’s gravity would actually bend
会以基普可以计算的方式…
that light like a camera lens…
就像相机镜头一样使光弯曲
…in ways that Kip would calculate.
我解出了
I worked out
追踪光线绕行黑洞的方程式
the equations for tracing light rays traveling around the black hole…
如果你在宇宙飞船上近距离观察它
…to see what the disk would look like
可以看到吸积盘会是什么样子的
if you were in a spacecraft looking at it up close.
而保罗的团队 将该数学♥运♥算变成了现实
And Paul’s team brought the mathematics to life.
我们能够使用引力透镜 引力影响…
We were really able to use a very, very accurate representation…
和黑洞周围光的
…of the gravitational lens
非常精确的表述
and the effects of gravity and light around the black hole.
因为数学算法所提供给我们的 非常壮观
Uh, because what the algorithms gave us was extremely spectacular.
甚至基普都感到惊讶
Even Kip was surprised.
你看到前面的吸积盘…
You see the disk in front…
然后当它绕着…
…and then when it goes around…
你会看到吸积盘绕着黑洞顶部包裹…
…you see the disk wrap up around the top of the black hole…
然后绕着黑洞底部弯曲
…and wrap around the bottom of the black hole.
我已经猜到 它差不多看起来会像这样…
I had guessed it would look more or less like this…
但从理智上知道它 跟感觉到它…
…but knowing it intellectually is different than feeling it…
跟理解它 跟看到它是不一样的
…than absorbing it, than seeing it.
它让我惊呆了
It just blew me away.
但这精彩的描述
But this brilliant depiction…
仍无法告诉我们 在黑洞中心发生了什么…
…still can’t tell us what happens in the heart of a black hole…
超越视界之外
…beyond the event horizon.
对于一位足够勇敢或疯狂的宇航员
What would happen to an astronaut daring
脚先着地潜入会发生什么
or crazy enough to dive in feet-first?
在对此最简单的描述中…
In the simplest descriptions of this…
那些你会在大多数 所读的书中看到的所描述的…
…the descriptions that you will find in most books that you read…
你会从头到脚都被拉伸…
…you’re simply stretched from head to foot…
并被潮汐力从侧面挤压
…and squeezed from the side by tidal forces,
常用的术语叫”拉意面”
“spaghettified” is what it often says.
在你掉入时你就被拉意面了 你就被摧毁了
You’re spaghettified as you fall in and you’re destroyed.
这是标准的故事
That’s the standard story.
事实上所有我们知道的物理定律…
The truth is, all the laws of physics that we know…
在黑洞中心都会失效
…break down in the heart of a black hole.
物理学家仍在致力于研究 那里究竟发生了什么
Physicists are still working on exactly what happens there.
但那是重力井 不是吗
That’s the gravity well, though, isn’t it?
当我们跟非物理学家谈论时 我们常常会说这是重力井
When we talk to non-physicists, we will often say it’s the gravity well.
那么这么些年你一直在对我们撒谎
So you’ve been lying to us all these years.
你知道这些东西的运行原理 有谎言 也有”假象”
You know how these things go, there are lies and there are “lies.”
我知道 但现在…
I know, but now…
电影《星际穿越》涉及的物理学
The movie Interstellar deals with physics
都是众所熟知 得到确立的
that is well-understood, well-established.
它涉及的物理学 我们做出了有根据的推测…
It deals with physics where we make educated guesses…
我们几乎可以确定 但不是百分百确定
…and we’re almost sure, but not 100 percent sure of our guesses.
而且它涉及的物理学 在人类理解的边界…
And it deals with physics at the frontiers of human understanding…
我们必须推测…
…where we have to speculate…
而当你超过这些边界时…
…and when you get beyond those frontiers…
《星际穿越》努力使自己…
…interstellar works hard to align itself…
与科学家能够想象的最佳推测一致
…with the best speculations a scientist could imagine.
作为电影制♥作♥人 我们尽最大努力解释…
We’re struggling very hard as filmmakers to try and explain, uh…
这些科学概念 这些抽象的概念…
…these scientific concepts, these sort of abstract ideas…
用一种主观的方式
…in a subjective way and a way
一种你能够体会并感觉到的方式
that you can actually experience and feel something about.
《星际穿越》发掘该边缘地带 新概念渗透进去…
Interstellar mines that gray area where new ideas percolate…
并深入挖掘关于宇宙本质的问题
…and taps deep into questions about the nature of the universe.
在《星际穿越》中
In Interstellar,
地球望远镜首次探测到了虫洞的存在
telescopes on Earth first detect the presence of a Wormhole.
它显示为重力异常 这扭曲了太空观
It shows up as a gravitational anomaly that distorts the view of space.
我们使虫洞不具备那么强大的引力
We made the Wormhole not have all that strong a gravity.
但为什么虫洞呢
But why the Wormhole?
因为这时你有了围绕它旅行的理由
Because then you have a reason for your trip around it.
对于虫洞有那么大引力 我感到很不舒服
I feel uncomfortable with the Wormhole having that much gravity.
在我第一次 开始与克里斯托弗·诺兰合作时…
When I first began working with Christopher Nolan…
他想要有相当温和引力的虫洞…
…he wanted a Wormhole that had rather gentle gravity…
所以我们讨论了 虫洞应该有多大…
…so we discussed how big the wormhole should be…