《星际穿越》中的科学

但爱因斯坦方程式也预言 如果虫洞自然形成…
But Einstein’s equations also predict that if wormholes do form in nature…
它们可能会是亚原子那么大…
…they may be subatomic in size…
并且仅存在几分之一秒就会封闭
…and exist for only fractions of a second before closing off.
从理论上讲
Theoretically,
要让虫洞保持开放 并且使它足够大…
what would it take to keep a Wormhole open…
大到能容纳一艘宇宙飞船 将会需要什么
…and make it big enough to accommodate a spaceship?
原来为了让虫洞保持开放…
It turns out that in order to hold a Wormhole open…
以便当你试图穿过时 它不会压碎吞噬掉你…
…so it doesn’t crunch off and kill you when you try to go through…
你必须将虫洞
…that you have to have the Wormhole threaded
通过负质量或负能量固定住
by a negative mass or negative energy.
爱因斯坦说质量和能量是相同的
Einstein says mass and energy are equivalent.
几乎我们知道的所有形态的物质
Almost all the forms of matter
都有正质量和施加的重力
we know have positive mass and exert gravity.
负质量会施加反重力…
Negative mass would exert antigravity…
并抵抗住虫洞壁使其保持开放
…and repel the walls of a Wormhole to keep it open.
不可思议的是 负能量可以真实存在…
Strangely, it is true that negative energy can exist…
在实验室它已被创造了出来
…and it’s been created in the laboratory,
但仅以非常微小的量存在
but only in very tiny amounts.
这会需要大量的
It would take vast quantities…
将虫洞撑开足够大 以容纳一艘宇宙飞船
…to prop open a Wormhole large enough for a spaceship.
不过也许在未来…
But just maybe, in the future…
工程师会设计发明出 先进的技术来做到这一点
…engineers will devise advanced technologies to do just that.
今天这是一个有根据的预测
Today it’s an educated guess,
也许我应该说有一半根据的预测…
maybe I should say a half-educated guess…
虫洞无法存在于我们的宇宙中…
…that wormholes cannot exist in our universe…
但我们远远不能肯定
…but we’re far from sure of that.
事实是 我们现在还不知道
The truth is, we just don’t know right now.
我们不能深刻认识物理学的定律
We don’t understand the laws of physics
以至于不能肯定地说…
well enough to say for sure…
虫洞是否是可能的
…whether or not wormholes are possible.
但因为它们不是不可能的
But since they’re not impossible,
所以它们是电影人可追逐的合法对象
they’re fair game for a filmmaker.
克里斯托弗·诺兰 《星际穿越》导演 编剧
对于关注于一个家庭这一想法 我非常兴奋…
I was very excited about the idea of focusing on a family…
他们会成为先驱者…
…who would be the pioneers…
他们会体验天体物理学的
…who would experience some of
一些非凡特征…
the extraordinary features of astrophysics…
特别是虫洞会允许我们
…particularly the idea of a Wormhole
穿越到遥远恒星这一概念
that would allow us to travel to distant stars.
基于真正的科学创造一个虫洞…
To create a Wormhole based on real science…
视觉特效总监保罗·富兰克林 求助于基普·索恩
…Visual Effects supervisor Paul Franklin turned to Kip Thorne.
对于虫洞看起来 会是什么样的通常形象是…
The popular image of what a Wormhole might look like…
差不多就是太空里的一个洞
…is literallyjust a hole in space.
保罗·富兰克林 视觉特效总监
它位于无形的表面 你看到物体沿着各个面塌陷…
It sits on an invisible surface, you see stuff sliding down the sides…
并且就跟消失在漏斗中一样
…and disappearing down the drain, as it were.
就在第一次谈话中 基普给我看了一张图像…
And right in that first conversation, Kip showed me an image…
图像就是这些东西的经典幻想图像…
…of that kind of classical fantasy image of these things…
并且说”这全都不对 这不是它应该的样子”
…and said, “This is all wrong.” Ha, ha. “This is not how it is.”
基普解出了定义虫洞的科学方程式…
Kip worked out the scientific equations that define the wormhole…
并将它们发回位于伦敦的 保罗的动画师
…and sent them to Paul’s animators back in London.
因此对于这部电影 基于爱因斯坦的相对论方程式…
And so for the movie, I built a mathematical model Wormhole…
我构建了一个数学模型虫洞
…based on Einstein’s relativity equations.
我和保罗 基普 我们讨论
Paul, Kip and myself, we discussed,
好 我们会将这东西形象化
“Okay, we’ll visualize the thing.
我们会完全按计算结果模拟这东西”
We’ll simulate the thing exactly as the calculations say.”
而保罗·富兰克林和他的团队
And Paul Franklin and his team,
他们很激动能获得算法…
they were thrilled to get algorithms…
它们绝对是最新最有趣的算法
…that were the absolute latest, most interesting and up-to-the-minute.
现在我们可以转向另一个
Now we can go to the other one.
虫洞是空间里的三维洞
The Wormhole is a three-dimensional hole in space.
如果在三维空间你画个圈
What do you get if you take a circle
并把它扫描出来 你会得到什么
and sweep it out in three dimensions?
你会得到一个球体
You get a sphere.
所以虫洞差不多感觉就像 一个水晶球悬浮于空间
So the Wormhole almost feels like a crystal ball hanging in space.
我认为之前还没人 真正做过这种形象化
I don’t think anybody had ever really done this kind of visualization before.
这真的是独一无二
This is really unique.
对我来说第一次 对你和观众来说也是第一次
Uh, first time for me, as well as for you and the audience.
当然 没错
Absolutely, yes.
在《星际穿越》中 宇航员进行了巨大的信仰飞跃…
In Interstellar, crew members take a giant leap of faith…
就在他们陷入虫洞时
…when they plunge into a Wormhole.
你无法只想到你的家庭 比这想得更宽广博大
You can’t think about your family. You have to think bigger.
我想到了我的家庭 以及无数的其他家庭
I am thinking about my family and millions of other families.
也许你不得不在再次见到你的孩子…
You might have to decide between seeing your children again…
和人类未来的命运之间作一抉择
…and the future of the human race.
超越了虫洞 宇航员将会面临艰巨得多的挑战
Beyond the Wormhole, the crew will face a far greater challenge:
航行于黑洞的极大危险中
To navigate the perils of a black hole.
对于电影制♥作♥者来说 这一威胁充满了戏剧性的可能性
For a filmmaker, that threat is full of dramatic possibilities.
当你在一个关于人类
When you venture out into a story
对抗自然力量的故事中冒险时…
about a man against the elements…
将对抗我们主人公的威胁形象化
…visualizing the threat against our protagonist
变得更加异乎寻常夺人眼球
become very much more exotic.
深邃的宇宙空间给了你 非常非常新鲜的方法
Deep, deep space gives you a very, very fresh approach.
黑洞理论由爱因斯坦的方程式预言…
Black holes were predicted by Einstein’s equations…
但物理学家质疑它们是否真的存在
…but physicists questioned whether they could really exist.
黑洞就是一个奇怪的野兽
A black hole is a strange beast.
如果这是个黑洞 那么就不会是个胶面…
If this were a black hole, then instead of a rubber surface…
基普·索恩 加州理工学院
它会有一个除了弯曲的时空…
…it would have a surface that is made of absolutely nothing…
什么也没有的表面
…except warped space and time.
这个地方的引力非常强…
It’s a place where gravity is so strong…
以至于如果任何东西掉入黑洞 它就永远不会回来了
…that if anything falls into the black hole, it can never get back out.
如果你掉进去 你就无法将信♥号♥♥发回来
If you fall in, you can’t send signals back out.
光无法从里面发射出来
Light can’t get out from the interior.
那么你可能会问 这怎么可能会发生呢
So you might ask, how would that ever happen?
肖恩·卡罗尔 加州理工学院
在外太空 你可以聚起非常多的质量
In outer space, you can get so much mass together,
就像在一个超级巨大的恒星…
like in a super-massive star…
引力就会变得越来越大 越来越大…
…that the gravity just becomes stronger and stronger and stronger…
最终物质对自身施加的压力无法承受
…and eventually the pressure that matter exerts on itself can’t keep up.
然后一切突然塌陷 并产生一个大爆♥炸♥
And everything collapses, there’s a big explosion.
一些东西被吹走
Some of the stuff is blown away,
但剩下的塌陷成一个黑洞
but the rest of it collapses into a black hole.
黑洞绕着它的轴线旋转 将它周围的空间拖拽到…
A black hole that spins on its axis drags the very space around it…
飞快旋转的运动 将恒星和行星拉入轨道
…into a whirling motion that pulls stars and planets into orbit.
越来越近 引力增加得就像激流
Closer in, gravity increases like a riptide.
在称作视界的边界 引力变得极大…
At a boundary called the event horizon, gravity becomes so extreme…
以致没有什么可以逃脱 就被拖进野兽的心脏…
…that nothing can escape being pulled into the heart of the beast…
并永远消失
…and lost forever.
黑洞很简单 而且它们有很多特征
Black holes are simple, and yet they have a lot of character.
安德里亚·盖兹 加州大学洛杉矶分校
几乎就像 它们可以具有个性
It’s almost like they can take on personalities.
它们会挑剔 它们会精力充沛
Um, they can be picky eaters, urn, they can be energetic.
你所看到的和描述的…
And what you’re seeing and describing…
正是黑洞如何与环境相互作用
…is really how the black hole interacts with the environment.
加州大学洛杉矶分校 天文学家安德里亚·盖兹…
UCLA astronomer Andrea Ghez…
看起来就像这是射手座的恒星
Looks like this is Sagi’s star.
她是黑洞探测方面的专家
…is an expert on black hole detection.
－一定是这个 对吧 -认为这是其中一那边的那个
– Must be this one, right? – I think it’s that one.
在研究什么一直是科学预感方面 她发挥了重要作用
She played a key role investigating what had long been a scientific hunch.
一个巨大黑洞存在于银河系中心
That a huge black hole lives at the center of the Milky Way.
看起来不错
It’s looking good.
天文学家早知道我们的银河系中心
Astronomers knew the heart of our galaxy was buzzing…
因气体 尘埃 和无数个恒星的存在而热闹非凡
…with gas, dust and millions of stars.
某股强大的力量 似乎正在驱动这喧闹场面
Some powerful force appeared to be driving this hubbub.
它会是黑洞吗
Could it be a black hole?
地面望远镜无法形成 该区域的清晰图像…
Ground telescopes just couldn’t produce sharp images of the region…
后来一种叫作自适应光学的技术 大大提高了这一视图
…then a technique called adaptive optics vastly improved the view.
自适应光学关闭
在你利用先进科技之前 这就是它看起来的样子
This is what it looks like before you use advanced technology.
2.2微米红外波段下的银河系中心
自适应光学 关闭
自适应光学 关闭
它是模糊的一团…
It’s a blurry mess…
而现在你可以在自适应光学