This idea that the truth is too strong.
政♥治♥家们应当成为犬儒主义者
That a politician should be a cynicist who,
即使他知道真♥相♥
although he knows what is true,
也应对群众讲述柏拉图所称的“高贵的杜撰”
tells to ordinary people what Plato called ‘a noble fable’ –
一个谎言
a lie.
嗯，美国知道伊♥拉♥克♥
Um, the United States knows that Iraq
拥有大规模杀伤性武器
has weapons of mass destruction.
英国也知道
The U.K. knows that they have
他们有大规模杀伤性武器
weapons of mass destruction.
地球上的任何一个
Any country on the face of the earth
拥有活跃情报机构的国家
with an active intelligence program
都知道伊♥拉♥克♥拥有大规模杀伤性武器
knows that Iraq has weapons of mass destruction.
这些武器可以在四十五分钟内激活
Which could be activated within forty five minutes
对抗包括他自己的什叶派群众
including against his own Shia population.
选择权在他手上，如果他自己不解除武装
The choice is his and if he does not disarm,
美♥利♥坚♥合众国将会领导一个联盟
the United States of America will lead a coalition
以和平的名义♥解♥除他的武装
and disarm him in the name of peace.
坦白来讲，我们可以拥有一个国家
Let’s be frank. We can have a state –
一个公共权利系统
public system of power –
如你所愿的合法，向重要媒体提交报告
as legitimate as you want, submitted to critical press,
进行民♥主♥选举等等
democratic elections and so on and so on,
很显然只为我们服务
apparently just serves us.
但无论如何，如果你仔细观察
But nonetheless, if you look closely into
哪怕是最民♥主♥的国家权力的运作
how even the most democratic state power functions
为了展示出它真正的威权
in order for it to display true authority,
而权力需要威权
and power needs authority, there has to be, as it were,
在说辞之下的信息永远都是：
between the lines all the time this message of:
“是是是，我们是民♥主♥选举出来的
“Yeah, yeah, yeah, we are legalised through elections
“但基本上我们想干什么就干什么”
“but basically we can do with you whatever we want. ”
因为这才是人们需要的
Because that’s what needs to happen.
有时，真♥相♥还不够好
Because sometimes, truth isn’t good enough.
有时，人们值得拥有更多
Sometimes people deserve more.
有时，人们的信念值得有所回报
Sometimes people deserve to have their faith rewarded.
当今一种著名的陈词滥调是
One of the great platitudes – which are popular today
当我们对抗暴♥力♥行为时
when we are confronted with acts of violence –
参见费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基的
is to refer to Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s
来自《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》的著名陈述
famous statement from ‘The Brothers Karamazov’:
“若无上帝，则万事皆允”
“If there is no God then everything is permitted. ”
这一言论的第一个问题是
Well, the first problem with this statement is that
陀思妥耶夫斯基，当然，从未成功
Dostoyevsky, of course, never made it.
第一个引用这段话的人
The first one who used this phrase as allegedly made by Dostoyevsky was
是1943年的让·保罗·萨特
Jean-Paul Sartre in ’43,
但这里的要点是
but the main point is that this
这一说法是错误的
statement is simply wrong.
哪怕是简单的打量我们现在的困境
Even a brief look at our predicament today
我们都能清楚的看到
clearly tells us this.
恰恰是：
It is precisely:
若有上帝，那么万事皆允
if there is God, that everything is permitted
那些人不仅信仰上帝
to those who not only believe in God
而且将其作为一种工具来欺骗自己
but who perceive themselves as instruments,
将“神的旨意”作为一种工具
direct instruments of the divine will.
如果你欺骗自己、使自己行为合法化
If you posit or perceive or legitimise yourself
以“神旨”的名义
as a direct instrument of the divine will,
那当然，所有关于道德的考量
then of course all narrow petty moral considerations
都会消失
disappear.
当你贵为神使
How can you even think in such narrow terms
你又怎能考虑这些小事呢？
when you are a direct instrument of God?
这就是所谓原教旨主义者的想法
This is how so-called religious fundamentalists work,
但不仅限于他们
but not only them.
任何形式的极权主义
Every form of so called totalitarianism
都是这样运作的，就算它声称自己是
works like that even if it is presented
或者把自己表现成无神论者
or if it presents itself as atheist.
就拿斯大林主义来说
Let’s take Stalinism.
官方的斯大林主义是基于无神论的马♥克♥思♥理论
Officially Stalinism was based on atheist Marxist theory,
但如果我们更进一步来观察
but if we look closely at the subjective experience
斯大林主义政♥治♥工作人员和领导的客观经历
of a Stalinist political agent,
我们看到的不是一个
leader, we see that
傲慢主人的形象
it’s not a position of an arrogant master,
为所欲为
who can do whatever he wants.
而是相反，是一个完美公仆的形象
It’s, on the contrary, the position of a perfect servant.
在斯大林主义者的世界中
In a Stalinist universe there definitely is
一定会有一个我们在心理学中所说的“大他者”
what in psychoanalytic theory we call the ‘Big Other’.
这个“大他者”
This ‘Big Other’ in the Stalinist universe
有许多名字
has many names.
最广为人知的是
The best known of them are the necessity of
历史向社♥会♥主♥义♥前进的必然性
historical progress towards communism
或仅仅是历史
or simply history.
历史自身即是“大他者”
History itself is the ‘Big Other’.
在历史阶段中的必要过程
History as the necessary succession of historical stages.
一个共♥产♥主义者认为自己只是一个
A communist experiences himself as simply
实现历史必然性的工具
an instrument whose function is to actualise a historical necessity.
那些神话般的人
The people, the mythic people –
那些把人当枪使的极权主义领袖
whose instrument the totalitarian leader is –
永远都不只是个确切的“人”
are never simply the actually existing individuals,
也不是一群人
groups of people and so on.
而是某种想象出的、理想化的概念
It’s some kind of imagined idealised point of reference
甚至作用于，比如
which works even when, for example in
对抗共♥产♥主义规则的反叛者
rebellions against the communist rule
就像在1956年的匈牙利
like in Hungary ’56,
当大多数人都起来
when the large majority of actually resisting people
反对这个政♥权♥时
raises up, is opposed to the regime.
他们仍然在说：“不，这只是少数人而已”
They can still say: “No, these are just individuals,
“他们不是真正的人♥民♥群众”
“they are not the true people. ”
当你指责他们：“天哪，
When you are accused of: “My God,
“你怎么能做出如此可怕的事情？”
“how could you have been doing all of these horrible things?”
你可以说，这是
You could have said, and this is the
标准的斯大林主义借口：
standard Stalinist excuse:
“当然我的心在为那些可怜的受害者滴血
“Of course my heart bleeds for all the poor victims,
“但负主要责任的不是我”
“I am not fully responsible for it.
“我只是在代表’大他者’行事罢了”
“I was only acting on behalf of the ‘Big Other'”.
“至于我自己，我喜欢猫咪
“As for myself, I like cats,
“喜欢小孩子”等等
“small children”, whatever –
这一贯是斯大林主义领袖的
this is always part of the iconography of
符号♥化形象
a Stalinist leader.
在斯大林主义中的列♥宁♥总是一副
Lenin in Stalinism is always presented as
喜欢猫咪和小孩子的形象
someone who likes small children and cats.
暗示了
The implication being –
列♥宁♥不得不下令进行杀戮等等，但是
Lenin had to order many killings and so on, but
他本意并非如此
his heart was not there –
这是他的职责
this was his duty as instrument of
作为一个推动历史前进的“工具”
historical progress and so on and so on.
瓦解斯大林主义的方法
The way to undermine Stalinism is not simply
不是去恶搞他们的领袖
to make fun of the leader which can be,
这种行为其实是可以被容忍♥的
up to a point even tolerated.
而是去瓦解他们的基准
It is to undermine this very reference,
将领袖合理化的神话般的基准：
mythic reference which legitimises the Stalinist leader:
拥护它的人们
the people.
我是这么解读
This is how I read
米洛斯·福尔曼目前为止最好的作品
the by far best work of Milo Forman –
他的早期捷克电影
his early Czech films.
《黑杰克》、《金发女郎之恋》
Black Peter, The Loves of a Blond,
和《消防员舞会》
and Firemen’s Ball where he mocks
他嘲讽的正是普通人
precisely the ordinary people.
他们日常的形象
In their daily conformission,
愚蠢、傲慢的色♥欲♥等等
stupidity, egotistic lust and so on and so on.
来吧，活泼点儿！
走起来
妞来给爷笑一个！
左、右…
这可能看起来很傲慢
It may appear that this is something very arrogant –
左、右…
这可能看起来很傲慢
It may appear that this is something very arrogant –
但不是，我认为这恰恰
but no, I think that this is the way to
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