第十一个小时（2007）

…in a 10- to 12-inch flash flood.
抓住57000加仑的水
It can grab that much water, prevent it from running off…
一棵树能抓住那么多的水 防止这些水流失
…captures it in that sponge, cleans it, puts it back in the aquifer.
把这些水锁在海绵层里 过滤 再放进含水层里
Take that one tree away…
砍掉那样的一棵树
…and you got a flood, you got soil erosion.
会导致洪水 导致土壤侵蚀
You’ve lost those 57,000 gallons from the local water supply.
你就会失去57000加仑的当地储水
Then that water is rushing downstream, hurting people, hurting communities…
等这些水从山上冲下来的时候 它会伤人 会破坏小区
…ultimately polluting the ocean.
最终会污染大洋
We really could tip the ocean into a different state.
海洋可以分为很多种情况
The health of the ocean as we know it…
众所周知 海洋的健康是依靠…
…depends on the water turning over…
水的循环
…of the surface water sinking to the bottom…
海表面的水沉到海底…
…and the bottom water coming up to the top.
海底的水流到海面
It’s conceivable that we could turn that conveyor belt off…
如果洋面温度稍微变高一点
…by warming of the surface of the ocean a little bit too much.
这种循环就可能停止
And if we do that…
洋流停滞 如果那样的话…
…with all of our deadzones, we could make the whole surface ocean stagnant.
我们就进入了死亡地带 我们可能让整个洋面的流动停滞
And that’s a terrifying thought.
那会相当可怕
The last time that happened was the end-Permian mass extinction…
上一次出现这种情况是 在二迭纪末的大灭绝
…and more than 95 percent of all the species on the Earth went extinct.
地球上95%的物种因此灭绝
The simple fact is, ecosystems that sustain life are unraveling.
有一个很简单的事实 支撑生命的生态系统是不可拆分的
Systems that have evolved for hundreds of millions of years.
这个系统已经发展了几千万年
The evidence is now clear:
现在证据已经很清楚地展现：
Industrial civilization has caused irreparable damage…
工业文明造成了不可挽回的损失
… and our impact is only accelerating.
而且这种影响在加速
We have lost the last 30 years in the war against global warming.
在过去30年对抗全球气温 变暖的战斗中 我们失败了
The questions then arise, why aren’t we responding?
问题出现了 为什么我们面对这个问题呢？
But more important, what are the forces that are blocking change?
更重要的问题是 什么力量在阻止改变？
The greatest weapon of mass destruction is corporate economic globalization.
这场大毁坏中最有杀伤力的武器 可能是经济全球化
And…there’s always been a greed factor in human civilization…
人类社会中一直存在着贪婪
…and what has happened with the creation of corporations…
公♥司♥是这个时代的统治者
…which are the dominant institutions of our age…
它的出现
…is that they have perfected that as a system.
把这种贪婪变成了系统
And what we literally face today is that…
如今我们要面对的问题是
…this is going to kill off our host, the planet.
这会杀死我们的主人——地球
Today, ecosystems, forests, streams, lakes, rivers…
如今 生态系统 森林 海洋 湖泊 河流…
…they have no rights. They’re property.
它们没有权利 它们是财产
Which means they can be bought, sold, destroyed, traded, carved up.
这意味着人们可以肆意买♥♥卖♥♥ 破坏，交易，瓜分它们
Under this structure of law, you’re either property or you’re a person.
在这个法律结构中 要么你是财产 要么你是人
And it’s very clear that nature is property.
很明显自然属于财产
And so the reason why we have these reams of documents in libraries…
我们的图书馆里 有那么多数据关于…
…about solutions, about solar, about how to produce food in a sustainable way…
解决方案，关于阳能， 如何可持续地制♥造♥足够的食物…
…about transportation, about changing production methods…
关于运输， 关于改进制♥造♥方法的同时…
…and putting in place a sustainable economy that respects the planet is…
建立起尊重地球的经济系统
…we’ve lacked the authority to drive those things into law.
原因在于 我们缺少权威来把它变为法律
Because in reality we have a Constitution that empowers the corporate few…
因为在现实中 宪法给予了少数人♥权♥力
…to make decisions that trump the majority.
让他们为多数人做决定
And it has been our failure to drive real law into place…
而实施这些法律 是我们的失策
…because we don’t have the authority.
因为我们缺少权威机构
We have very responsive political leaders.
其实我们的政♥治♥领导很负责
They’re responsive to wealth, money and corporate power.
只是他们只对 财富金钱和公♥司♥利益负责
ExxonMobil, one oil company…
仅埃克森美孚一家石油公♥司♥
…is worth more than the sum of the value of all the auto companies…
它的价值就超过了
…in the whole wide world.
全世界汽车公♥司♥总价值
That is a big company. People say:
那真是个巨头 人们问
“Gee, why aren’t politicians responding to the global climate crisis?”
“哎呀 政♥治♥家怎么在乎全球气候危机？”
Because they respond to a higher power, unfortunately.
不幸的是他们在乎 更高级的力量
Right now, that higher power is the fossil-fuel industry.
目前那个更高级的力量 就是石油工业
You’re responsible for editing Our Changing Planet…
你负责编辑＜正在改变的地球＞ 这本书
…and you send a review draft to the White House. What happens?
你把评论草稿发给了白宫 后来呢？
It comes back…
草稿返回来了…
…with a large number of edits…
复印件上
…handwritten on the hard copy…
写了…
…by the chief of staff of the Council on Environmental Quality.
由环境质量部主参谋 标注的修改
And the chief of staff is whom?
那是谁呢？
Phil Cooney.
菲尔.科尼
He is a scientist?
他是个科学家？
No, he’s a lawyer.
不 他是个律师
He was a lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute…
他在进入白宫之前
…before going into the White House.
曾是美国石油协会的说客
Our people have a growing suspicion…
越来越多的人♥质♥疑
…that oil companies are taking unfair advantage of current market conditions…
石油公♥司♥在目前的市场条件下 取得了不公平的优势
…to line their coffers with excess profits.
得到了超高的利润
On the issues of climate change and environment…
在气候问题和环境问题上
…the political system failed us. It’s not first and foremost a crisis of technology…
法律机制让我们失望了 这不是技术危机
…it isn’t even a crisis of public opinion.
甚至不是公众意见危机
If you ask the public, “Do you want solar energy?
如果你问公众 “你想不想要太阳能”
Do you want efficient appliances? Do you want efficient cars?”
“想不想要节能用品 想不想要节能车？”
The answer is overwhelmingly, “Yes, we do.”
结果全是”想要”
It’s the bridge across this chasm…
把公众意见传达给
…of public opinion to public policy. It’s called government.
国家政策的桥梁 叫做政♥府♥
That’s where the failure has been. That bridge has fallen into disrepair.
这就是失败的所在 这座桥梁根本形同虚设
There was a time in the 1960s and 1970s…
曾经在20世纪60年代和70年代
…when Republicans and Democrats in the United States…
美国的共和党人和民♥主♥党人
…joined to pass the major environmental laws.
会一起讨论通过环境法
The National Environmental Policy Act, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act…
国家环境政策法令 空气洁净法令 水洁净法令
…the Endangered Species Act. Those were done by Republicans…
濒临灭绝物种法令 这些法令
…and Democrats coming together.
都是由共和党和民♥主♥党一起制定的
And that system is now broken.
如今这个系统已经不存在了
And part of the crisis is, as everybody knows…
众所周知 一部分危机在于
…its that there is money, too much money in the political system.
政♥治♥系统里的钱太多了
We need to understand even Jefferson said…
就连杰佛逊都说过
…we have to rewrite the Constitution every generation to meet our need.
每个时代都要修订宪法 来满足我们的需求
Do we think that the Founding Fathers understood global warming?
难道国父会预料到全球变暖？
Or deforestation? Or the massive amounts…
或者森林采伐？ 或者这么大量的…
…of toxic chemicals that are pumped into our atmosphere…
化学毒物每天在污染大气
…and into our air, water, land and soil every day?
空气，水和土壤？
What we need to do is find a harmony between people and nature.
我们要做的是 是找到人与自然共存的平衡点
One of the only ways to do that is to recognize that nature has rights too.
其中有一种方法就是 认识到自然也有它自己的权利
I think the most basic thing to understand about our global economic system…
我觉得想了解全球经济系统
…is that it’s a subsystem. And it’s a subsystem of a larger system.
最基础的是要知道它是个子系统 它是个大系统的子系统
The larger system is the biosphere and the subsystem is the economy.
大系统就是生物圈 经济社会是子系统
The problem, of course, is that our subsystem, the economy…
问题在于经济这个子系统
…is geared for growth. It’s all set up to grow, to expand…
是成长的 它是用来成长用来扩张的
…whereas the parent system doesn’t grow. It remains the same size.
而母系统是不变的 它是不可成长的
So as the economy grows, it displaces, it encroaches upon…
所以当系统成长的时候 它转移了 它开始侵占
…the biosphere, and this is a fundamental cost.
生物圈 这是基础成本
This is the fundamental opportunity cost of economic growth.
这是经济增长的基础机会成本
That’s what you give up when you expand, what used to be there.
你要扩张就得放弃本来的一些东西
So economists don’t include all of the things that nature does for us for nothing.
经济学家不会把 自然免费给我们的算进来
Some technologies would never be able to do what nature does.
有些技术永远不可能取代自然
For example, pollinating all of the flowering plants.
例如 给花朵授粉
What would it cost us to take carbon dioxide out of the air…
如果要抽出空气中的二氧化碳 把其中的氧气返还到空气中
…and put oxygen back in it, which all the green things do for us for nothing.
那需要多少代价？ 而绿叶可以免费为我们做到
It’s possible to do a crude estimate of what it would cost us to replace nature.
可以粗略计算一下 要取代自然需要多少代价
Well, it turns out…Constanza, this is several years ago…
结果表明 康斯坦萨多年前…
…estimated it would cost us $35 trillion a year…
计算过这需要花每年35万亿美元
…to do what nature is doing for us for nothing.
做那些自然免费为我们做的事
To put that in perspective…
正确地说
…if you added up all of the annual economies in the world at that time…
如果把全球年度经济收入加进来
…it came to $ 18 trillion.
一共是18万亿美元
So nature was doing twice as much service for us…
也就是说自然为我们做的事
…as the economies of the world.
等于全球收入的两倍
And in the madness of conventional economics, this isn’t in the equation.
而在传统经济学家疯狂想法里 这都不会算在里面
Somehow in the last few decades in business school…
过去几十年里 经济学院
…and the M.B.A. S that these CEOs have…
那些MBA那些CEO…
…they were trained that the object of their business is growth…
他们受到的教育是 生意的目的就是增长
…as if that were an end. It’s not an end, it’s a means.
好像增长就是结果一样 其实那不是结果 那只是方式
We flipped the ends and means. If we can get the end back, quality of life…
我们颠倒了结果和方式 如果我们能重写结果
…we look at the contradictions…
也就是生活质量 我们可以看到其中的矛盾