座头鲸（2015）

䲟鱼们会前来搭个顺风车
The remora fish come along for the ride.
即使母鲸在睡觉时
Even when the mother sleeps,
新生儿也不会远离 母亲的乳汁
the newborns don’t stray far from mother’s milk.
但在几个星期之后 幼鲸会长大
But after a few weeks, the calves get bolder,
接着便开始自己的旅程
and they take off on their own.
它们好奇心很重
They’re so curious.
它们也能量满满
And they’ve got so much energy.
这些幼鲸 会模仿母亲的行为
These newborns learn by copying their mothers.
在出生一年后 它们的体型会增倍
In their first year, they double in size.
一旦它们掌握了诀窍
Once they get the hang of it,
就玩得不亦乐乎了
there’s no stopping them.
每头幼鲸只会花费
Each calf stays with its mother
一年的时间 跟着母亲了解世界
only about one year to learn about the world.
它们学习如何迁移上千英里
How to migrate thousands of Miles.
学习辨认食物 学习觅食
What to eat and how to find it.
学习该信任谁 又该畏惧谁
Who to trust and who to fear.
以前捕鲸人们总是会
Whalers like my grandfather
锁定母子 作为猎杀目标
once targeted mothers and calves,
因为它们移♥动♥非常缓慢
because they move so slowly.
我很喜欢祖父
I always loved my grandfather,
但他不明白 停止猎鲸的重要性
but he didn’t understand the need to stop killing whales.
汤加王国的猎杀已经停止
The killing stopped here in Tonga,
但其他地方仍在继续
but not everywhere.
有三个国家 日本 挪威 和冰岛…
Three nations… Japan, Norway and Iceland…
仍旧允许商业性 以及研究性质的猎鲸
Still allow commercial and scientific whaling.
今时今日 很少有人故意猎鲸了
Today, fewer people kill whales on purpose,
但在不知不觉间 我们就弑杀了鲸类
but we now kill them without even knowing it.
当船只撞到鲸类时
When a ship collides with a whale,
造成的后果 往往是致命的
the impact is often fatal.
而在整个世界海洋的船只 十二年来
And the number of ships on the world’s oceans has doubled
已经又翻了一倍
in the last 12 years.
其实我们可以尽量避免
There is something we can do
造成这些致命的撞击
about these fatal collisions.
方法一 是降低开船速度
One solution is to slow down ships,
或者重新制定航线
or reroute them
规避鲸类的迁移路线
to avoid the migratory pathways of whales.
在汤加王国 母亲会游上好几个月
Here in Tonga, mothers go for months
都找不到食物
with almost nothing to eat.
为了觅食
To find food,
汤加王国的鲸类 会迁移到南方
the humpback whales in Tonga head South
到达南极洲寒冷 食物富足的水域
to the frigid, bountiful waters of Antarctica.
北太平洋的座头鲸
Many humpbacks in the north pacific ocean
会迁移到阿♥拉♥斯加
migrate to Alaska.
弗雷德·夏普博士 花了二十五个夏天
Dr. Fred Sharpe has been studying the behaviors
在这里研究 座头鲸的习性
of humpback whales here for the past 25 summers.
大多数时候 阿♥拉♥斯加的座头鲸
Most of the time, humpback whales in Alaska
靠吃磷虾为生
feed on krill.
这些小虾型的甲壳动物 在这里会茁壮成长
These small, shrimp-like crustaceans thrive here,
上涌的海流和冰河中的营养物质
in waters enriched by upwelling currents
使这片水域更加富足
and glacial nutrients.
如果座头鲸有牙齿
The tiny krill might be harder to catch
那么小磷虾也许会更难捕捉 但它们没有
if humpback whales had teeth, but they don’t.
大约要花三个小时 大约要花三个小时
About three hours away, about three hours away.
座头鲸没有牙齿 但它们有鲸须
Instead of teeth, humpback whales have baleen.
鲸须长在座头鲸的嘴上方
It’s a kind of strainer that hangs
就如一个过滤器
from the roof of their mouth.
鲸须会滤过海水
It lets the water through, but allows them
但却会阻挡可口的美食 例如鱼和磷虾
to trap these tasty morsels, like the fish and the krill.
在我们试图定位 觅食鲸群的时候
When we’re trying to locate big feeding pods,
感觉就像回家一样轻车熟路
it’s almost like you’re coming home to family.
弗雷德研究这类鲸 已经很长时间了
Fred has studied these particular whales for so long…
泡泡 有泡泡
Bubbles! Bubbles!
他仅用聆听 就能分辨出 是哪一头在发声
That he can often tell who’s vocalizing just by listening.
我们能分辨它们
We know who is who,
因为每一头鲸 都有与众不同的尾斑
because each of these whales has a really distinctive tail fluke.
这就像它们的指纹
They’re kind of like a fingerprint.
没有尾斑完全相同的鲸
No two are exactly alike.
所以 我分♥析♥了这些尾斑
So… I run the prints.
这头是忧郁
This is Melancholy.
在过去的二十年里 我对他有了些了解
I’ve really come to know him over the past 20 years,
我研究了他的习性
from studying his behaviors
甚至还素描了他的模样
and even sketching him.
忧郁经常 和另一头雄鲸在一起
I often see Melancholy with another male,
我们叫他秃鹫
who we call Vulture.
多数鲸类都是单独觅食
Many whales feed individually,
但是忧郁和他的群体
but Melancholy and his crew
学会了一个 很厉害的战略
have learned a really cool strategy.
他们团队合作 以此捕捉到更多的鱼
They can capture more fish by working together as a team.
他们利用叫声呼唤同伴
When we hear the feeding calls
然后聚集在一起
and see the whales group together,
那简直是一场精彩好戏
we know we’re in for quite a show.
接下来发生的事情
What happens next
是动物行为学家发现的
is one of the most incredible
最难以置信 且最复杂的行为
and complex animal behaviors ever observed.
叫做”群体泡泡网觅食”
It’s called “Group bubble-net feeding.”
第一步 是共同深潜
The first step is always the synchronized dive.
有些鲸会潜入很深
Some of the whales dive deep
一直到鲱鱼群落的下方
underneath the school of herring
把它们赶到水面
to drive them up towards the surface.
它们利用长长的胸鳍
With their long pectoral flippers,
捕捉那些 快速移♥动♥的猎物们
they can outmaneuver fast-moving prey.
接着泡泡专家 会制♥造♥气泡流
The bubble specialist blows a stream of bubbles,
形成一个螺旋状的墙
forming a spiraling wall of air
就如一张大网 将鱼群困在里面
that acts like a net to keep the fish from getting away.
特定发音者
The designated vocalizer
开始发出震耳欲聋的声音
begins to make almost deafening sounds…
将这些鱼类 驱赶到海面
Scaring the fish up towards the surface.
座头鲸的嘴非常之大
The humpback mouth expands so wide,
它们能吞下 一辆小汽车
they could swallow a small car.
每天它们都能 吃下一吨♥的食物
They can eat up to a ton of food in a single day.
也就是八千个汉堡
That’s like 8,000 hamburgers.
秋天来临 水域逐渐变冷
Well, as it starts to get cold up here in the fall,
忧郁 秃鹫 和所有的鲸类 都开始迁移
Melancholy, Vulture and all the other whales begin to leave.
它们会游上千英里
They’ll travel thousands of
到往温水区域繁殖
miles down to their warm-water breeding areas
比如哥斯达黎加 墨西哥 和夏威夷
like Costa Rica, Mexico and Hawaii.
有些座头鲸 每年单程迁移距离
Some humpbacks migrate 5,000 Miles
就长达八千多万米
one way every year…
在所有哺乳动物中 迁移距离最长
One of the longest known migrations of any mammal.
座头鲸有十五个 不同的族群
There are 15 distinct populations of humpback whales,
它们存在于 世界各地的海域之中
located in all the oceans of the world.
它们在极地和副极地觅食
They feed in polar and subpolar regions,
在热带地区繁殖和生育
and breed and give birth in the tropics.
每年冬天 夏威夷岛都会迎来
Each winter, the Hawaiian islands host
北太平洋最大规模的座头鲸群
the largest gathering of humpbacks in the north pacific.
成千上万的鲸来到这里
Thousands of whales.
座头鲸一般能够 存活八十年以上
Humpbacks may live up to 80 years or more.
我们对它们充满好奇 它们亦是如此
They seem as curious about us as we are about them.
其他的鲸类 和海豚都会发声
Other whales and dolphins vocalize,
但座头鲸的发声 与其他鲸类相比
but humpbacks make a greater variety of sounds
类型更加丰富…
than any other whale…
它们会咕哝…
Including grunts…
会呻♥吟♥…
Groans…
会咕嘟…
Thwops…
会哼哼…
Snorts…
还会吠叫
And barks.
当座头鲸跳跃的时候
When humpbacks leap, or breach,
看上去好像很轻松
they make it look easy.
其他鲸类 都无法经常跳跃这么高
No other whale leaps so high so often.
我们并不确定 它们这样做的原因
We’re not exactly sure why they do it,