地平线系列：药物依赖（2010）

我们服用这些药物
society so we’ll take these drugs so we can
是为了让做工作时间更长 旅行更多
work longer, so we can travel more and do
然后做更多的工作
more work so it will
因此会使工作与生活的平衡变得更糟
disrupt our work/life balance even more.
我一直都在想办法挤出更多的时间
I’m always looking for ways that I can squeeze more in.
有时候 我真的认为
At one point I did think I’m going
我会废寝忘食 或是放弃一项工作
to have to give up eating, sleeping or one of my jobs.
我的确有过这样的想法
It did cross my mind actually that
如果我能再一次服用那种药物
if I could get my hands on something like that again,
也许 也许会增加我的优势
it would be, you know… maybe to my advantage.
我不会用这种药
I’m not sure about a pill
这种能让人变聪明的药物
that would make you more intelligent.
我们就这样笨笨的也挺开心的
We’re happy being a bit… on the thick side.
是的 笨一点也挺好的
Yeah, being a bit thick’s OK.
我们都一厢情愿地认为
We’d like to think our drugs are designed
药物是为特定目的而设计的
for exact purposes,
但是它们并不像我们想象的那么有准头
but they’re not as targeted as we think.
当我们服药的时候
We only discover where in our bodies
我们仅仅知道它的作用部位
they work when we take them.
实际上 喘乐宁气雾剂
It turns out Ventolin inhalers,
一种治疗哮喘的药物
a treatment for asthma,
同样可以预防早产
can also prevent premature labour,
砒霜 一种毒药
and arsenic, a notorious poison,
正在白血病治疗中崭露头角
is making a comeback as a treatment for leukaemia.
即便有史以来最畅销的药物
Even the fastest-selling drug
它现在的用途也并非当初设计的初衷
of all time is not used for what it was designed.
这个编号♥为UK92480的化合物
It started life as UK 92480,
来自辉瑞制药公♥司♥的新药仓库
one of millions of compounds
是千百万个化合物中的一员
in the stores at the drug company Pfizer.
当时专家们正在寻找治疗心绞痛的新药
They were looking for a new drug for angina,
一种能够放松心脏
something that would relax blood vessels
周围血管的药物
around the heart.
在筛查过无数的化合物之后
After screening hundreds of
他们最终锁定了UK92480
thousands of compounds, they ended up with UK 92480.
人体实验结果却不尽如人意
But its trials in humans were a let-down.
正当药物要被重新收回仓库时
It was about to be consigned
受试者们开始不断索要药片
back to the stores when the trial volunteers
并反馈一种不同寻常的副作用
started coming back and reporting an unusual side-effect –
阴♥茎♥勃起
lots of erections.
加入药物之后 其松弛度变大
Add the drug the relaxation’s
不过药物作用曲线却是反过来的
get larger but its trace is upside down.
通过制♥作♥人类性器官的粗略模拟模型
By making a crude mock-up of the
高级研究员克里斯·韦曼使用了
human sexual apparatus, senior scientist Chris Wayman
一种巧妙的方法来检验这种有趣的现象
found an ingenious way to test this anecdotal evidence.
组织浴槽中放置的
These are actually penile
是真的阴♥茎♥血管组织
blood vessels that we have in a tissue bath.
把这个看作是大脑
Think of this as the brain.
克里斯·韦曼 辉瑞公♥司♥研究员
这是大脑和脊髓
This is the brain and the spinal cord.
当你性唤起时
When you’re becoming aroused,
大脑就会激活
your brain switches on.
我们可以通过打开这些等同于
We can mimic this by switching on
中枢神经系统的开关来模拟这一过程
the equivalent of the central nervous system in the brain.
它将电流传递到
It sends electricity down
组织浴槽中 穿过组织
to the tissue bath and across the tissues,
当电流通过小片的阴♥茎♥组织时
and when we pass an electric current across these
它们就会松弛下来
small pieces of penile tissue, they relax and
事实上 这就是阴♥茎♥勃起的过程
ultimately that’s what happens during penile erection.
阴♥茎♥血管松弛
Relaxed penile blood vessels mean
意味着更过血液流向阴♥茎♥ 导致勃起
more blood flow to the penis, and so an erection.
克里斯从阳痿病人体内
What Chris did was take penile blood vessels
提取了阴♥茎♥血管组织
from impotent men,
当大脑开关被打开的时候
vessels that didn’t respond
血管组织并没有产生反应
when he flicked the brain switch,
随后将UK92480加入组织浴槽中
and then added UK 92480 to the tissue bath.
最不可思议的事情发生了
What was most amazing about this study
阴♥茎♥组织重新出现了勃起反应
was that we saw a restoration of erectile response.
在任何组织标本里 由功能障碍
It’s very rare in any tissue preparation
到功能正常的转变都是很罕见的
to convert dysfunctional to normal function, and so now
因此我们现在所经历的这一切
we were really onto something
只能用一个词来形容 特别
that could only be described as special.
当时 并没有可以治疗
At the time there was no oral treatment
勃起功能障碍的口服药物
for erectile dysfunction.
甚至没有人知道是什么引起了这一问题
No-one even really knew what caused the problem, but
忽然 辉瑞公♥司♥找到了潜在的治疗方案
suddenly Pfizer had a potential treatment on their hands.
当与此领域的专家分享这一数据时
When this data was shared with the experts in the field,
那些泌尿科医师惊诧不已
the urologists, they were astounded.
我记得是在美国泌尿医学会的一次会议上
I remember a meeting in America at
这一数据被公布于众
the Urological Association where the room was packed
当时房♥间里挤满了人
when this data was released
因为从来没有人看过这样的结果
because no-one had seen anything like this before.
UK92480被重新命名为伟哥
UK 92480 was renamed Viagra,
进入市场短短几周之内
and within weeks of going on sale,
每天都会开出
tens of thousands of prescriptions
成千上万的伟哥处方
were being written every day.
你一定不会预料到
You would never have been able to
这种小小的药丸
predict that this was going to have beneficial effects
会成为全世界广大男性的福音
on millions and millions of men throughout the world,
一个小的科学发现就可以对
a little bit of science having
人们自尊 焦虑和抑郁程度产生影响
effect on self-esteem, anxiety, depression levels
并最终改善伴侣之间的关系
and ultimately creating enhanced relationships.
伟哥现已成为世界上
Viagra is now one of the most
最常见的处方药
prescribed drugs in the world.
每秒钟就会有六片伟哥被服用
Six tablets are dispensed somewhere every second.
不过有些人开始质疑
But some have begun to ask
是否真的有那么多人需要这种药物
whether so many men need it.
这种药物最初是作为
When it first came out,
一种治疗慢性疾病的
it was definitely seen as
佩特拉·伯顿博士 伦敦大学
医学药物而出现的
a medical drug for a chronic condition,
是用于改善病态的
a medical condition,
不过显而易见地 他们突然意识到
but obviously they suddenly
这种药物存在着巨大的市场前景
became aware of a huge market capacity.
他们开始将市场定位转向
They began to market it to
偶尔无法勃起的男性
men who occasionally didn’t have an erection
而不是经常无法勃起的男性
as opposed to consistently didn’t have an erection,
所传递的信息也从
and the message shifted from being,
这种药物可以解决健康问题
“This is for you if you’re ill with another health problem”,
变成了你可以一直享受完美的性♥爱♥
to, basically, “You can always have great sex.”
伟哥并不是唯一可以做到这一点的药物
Viagra wasn’t the only one to do this.
稍后出现的其它性药物
I mean, the other sex drugs like Levitra and Cialis
例如力士伟哥和希爱力都采用了
that came on slightly later all use
同样的营销策略
a similar marketing strategy.
辉瑞公♥司♥表示 过半数的40岁以上的男性
Pfizer claims more than half of all men over 40
都会遇到阳痿或早泄的尴尬局面
have difficulties getting or maintaining an erection.
不过这个数字并没有得到普遍的接受
But this figure is not universally accepted.
据我们估计
We estimate it’s around
百分之九男性的情况可以归类为慢性病
9% of men who have it as a chronic condition,
这部分人往往年纪较大
and that’s usually linked to older men
或者有着其它的健康问题
and men who have got other health problems.
说到男性偶尔勃起障碍这个问题
In terms of men occasionally having problems with erections,
大多数男性的确会这样 这也是正常的
most men would actually probably do that and that’s quite normal.
制药公♥司♥在暗示
The implication is that
如果你无法做到百分之百的完美
if you’re falling short of 100% perfection,
大卫·希利教授 卡蒂夫大学
药物可以帮助你做到
that, you know, the pill may be able to help
这也就意味着 你生病了
and, in essence, this means that you’re ill.
然而做到百分之百完美
But of course being 100%
当然是不正常的
perfect is not normal.
这并不是人们的正常状态
This is not the normal state.
正常状态就意味着
Being normal means being
每一天的状态都会有些差异