BBC：古代圣贤（2015）（3）

Socrates treated his young wife pretty cursorily,
但至少这两个人的想法中包含了女性
but at least those two included women in their thinking
并表示，它们可能是解决社会问题的一部分
and suggested they could be part of a solution to society’s problems.
但是说到孔子，
However, when it came to Confucius,
看来他几乎没有时间照顾这个物种的女性
it seems that he had next to no time for the female of the species.
孔子学生的最终目标是成为“君子”
The ultimate goal for Confucius’ students was to become “a Junzi”.
现在，这不是他编造的头衔
Now, this wasn’t a title he had made up.
就像仪式一样，
Just as with ritual,
他拿了一些传统的东西，给它一个强有力的新转折
he took something traditional d gave it a potent new twist.
君子是一个贵族词汇，意思是“主的儿子”
Junzi was an aristocratic word meaning “a son of the lord”
指只能属于特权社会精英的品质
denoting qualities that could only belong to a privileged social elite.
现在，作为他向道德精英转变的一部分，
Now as part of his shift towards a moral elite,
孔子挪用并改变了它
Confucius appropriated it and changed it
指的是终极道德的人，高人一等的人
to mean the ultimate moral person. A superior man.
一种新的绅士，从字面意义上说
A new kind of gentleman, in its most literal sense.
对孔子来说，教育至关重要
For Confucius, education was crucial.
凭借自己的生活经历，他看到了一个坚定不移的承诺
Drawing on his own life experience, he saw an unswerving commitment
以批判性学习作为修身之道
to critical learning, as the path to self cultivation.
他把这个过程比作打磨玉石，
He likened the process to polishing jade,
塑造一个人的品德，成为完美的道德人
crafting one’s virtuous character, to become the perfect moral person.
你必须了解历史，
You had to know the books of history,
以智慧的王为榜样，采用正确的仪式
to live by the example of the sage kings, and to enact correct ritual.
但最重要的是，在各种环境之下，你都能有道德地生活
But what was essential was to be morally alive to your environment.
懂得在任何情况下如何凭正觉行事
To understand how to behave intuitively in any situation.
并独♥立♥思考
To think for yourself.
孔子的学生们，和大♥师♥一起，
Confucius’ students joined their master,
穿越饱受战争蹂躏的中国，试图影响其错误的统治者
moving across war-torn China, to try to influence its errant rulers.
他们遭到攻击、殴打，几乎饿死
They were attacked, beaten, and almost starved.
但这些经历，提高了他们的教育水准
But these testing times sharpened their education.
他们面临的挑战
The challenges they faced
迫使他们进行紧急的道德辩论
forced them to engage in urgent moral debate.
他们提出了解决问题的方案，然后对这些问题进行了审视，
They proposed solutions to their problems and then interrogated those,
引发了大♥师♥和学生之间热烈的学术讨论
provoking the intense intellectual discussions between Master and students
你可以在《论语》中找到
that you find in the Analects.
他们问了一些问题，比如
They asked questions like…
“君子应该在堕落的时代接受公职吗？”
“Should the junzi accept office in degenerate times?”
“如果你认为自己能有所作为，你能为腐♥败♥的主人服务吗？”
“Can you serve a corrupt master
if you think you can make a difference?”
孔子鼓励这种开放、自♥由♥思考的讨论
Confucius encouraged this open-ended,
free-thinking discussion.
然而，他的学生仍然指望他给出明确的答案
Yet his students still looked to him for definitive answers.
最终，他们想知道“善良的本质是什么？”
Ultimately they wanted to know
“What was the essence of goodness?”
对孔子来说，有一种无所不包的美德，
For Confucius there was one all-embracing virtue,
最需要培养，但最难实现
the most essential to cultivate,
yet the most difficult to attain.
一种叫做，仁
Something called… Ren.
“仁”是一个非常棒的词，但它实际上意味着什么？
Ren is a very splendid word idea, but what does it actually mean?
这意味着什么？
What quality does it imply?
很多人试图用不同的方式来翻译，
Well, many people tried to translate it differently,
它被翻译成人类的心肠，同样好或善良
it’s been translated as human heartedness, as good or goodness…
…但我们现在更喜欢用“人性”这个词，
…but we prefer now to use the word,
simply, “humanity”,
因为实际上，所有儒家价值观都与这一观念有关
because virtually, all Confucian values are linked to this notion.
勇气与仁一起，那才是真正的勇气，而不仅仅是勇武
Courage with Ren, then it’s real courage,
rather than just simply bravery.
正义与仁，
Justice with Ren,
那么这是一种人道的正义，而不仅仅是严厉的惩罚
then it’s a humane justice rather than just harsh punishment.
智慧与仁同在，那就是真智慧，而不仅仅是聪明
Wisdom with Ren, then it’s being wise, not just being smart.
这是你实现的吗
And is this something that you achieve
还是说寻找仁是一个永恒的追求？
or is looking for Ren a constant quest?
根据定义，每个人都是仁的化身
Every person by definition of being a person embodies Ren.
换句话说，每个人都有能力
In other words, every human being is capable of
对外部世界的同情反应
sympathetic response to the external world.
但同时，为了充分认识 仁，
But at the same time, to realize Ren fully,
这意味着人类的繁荣
which means human flourishing
从最全面的意义上讲，这需要学习
in the most comprehensive sense of the term, that requires learning.
当然，还有学习，
And learning, of course,
这不仅仅是知识的获取或技能的内化，
it’s not simply the acquisition of knowledge or internalization of skills,
但基本上是学习塑造一个人的性格
but basically learning to build one’s character.
从这个意义上说，这就像是最高的理想，
And in that sense, it’s like the highest ideal,
同时，这是做人的最低要求
at the same time, it’s a minimum requirement to be human.
你认为孔子觉得他达到了仁吗？
Do you think that Confucius felt that he’d achieved Ren?
不，有趣的是，
No! And the interesting thing is,
许多孔子的学生或追随者也说“不”
many students or followers of Confucius also said “No”.
仁，需要不断的奋斗
Ren requires continuous process of struggling.
即使到了生命的尽头，这仍然是一项尚未完成的任务
Even to the end of your life, this is still a task incomplete.
所以不管怎样，要成为一个完整的人的斗争仍在继续
So no matter what, the struggle to be fully human continues.
儒家哲学中有些东西，
There’s something in the Confucian philosophy,
我觉得这是一个非常非常鼓舞人心的核心信息
a core message that I find really, genuinely inspiring.
这是他的金句，摘自《论语》
It’s his golden rule taken from the Analects.
一名学生说，
One student said,
“有没有一个词是我生活的准则？”
“Is there a single word that I should use as a rule to live my life by?”
大♥师♥回答说，
The Master replied,
“这可能就是‘同理心’
“That would be ’empathy’ perhaps.
己所不欲，勿施于人”
What you do not wish for yourself, don’t do to others.”
这是对人际关系的关注，是富有同情心的，
It’s this focus on human relations, and being compassionate,
我认为这最接近于定义孔子所说的“仁”的含义
that I think comes closest to defining what Confucius meant by the term Ren.
我真的很喜欢这个
I do love this about
我正在调查三位哲学家的故事
all three of the philosophers whose stories I’m investigating.
他们明确表示，我们没有一个人是孤立行动的
They made it clear that none of us operate in isolation.
并不是说人是衡量一切的标准，
It isn’t that man is the measure of all things,
但是人与人的关系
but man’s relationship with man.
[东方音乐演奏]
[oriental music playing]
孔子继续旅行，并在晚年教书
Confucius continued to travel, and to teach into his later years.
但只有少数学生继续担任政♥治♥职务
But only a handful of his students went on to hold political office.
孔子73岁时生病了
When Confucius was 73, he fell ill.
无法完成使命，
Unable to fulfill his mission,
他的临终的话，好像他失败了，而且他非常失望
his final words seem defeated and bitterly disappointed.
“没有智慧的君主出现，
“No intelligent monarch arises,
没有国王愿意让我做他的大♥师♥，我是时候死了”
there is none who will make me his master. It is my time to die.”
孔子葬在他的家乡曲阜
Confucius was buried here in his hometown Qufu.
他为之奋斗的大转变
The great transformation he had worked for,
在他一生，都没有得到实现
his entire life, had not been fulfilled.
他忠诚的学生们在他的坟墓周围种树
But his devoted students planted trees around his grave…
让他的梦想长青
and kept his dream alive.
孔子的思想延续了300年
For 300 years, Confucius’ ideas continued
作为中国众多思想流派之一
as just one of many Chinese schools of thought.
与道家之类的学说竞争，
Competing with the likes of Daoism,
它不能在一个战乱的世界中实现真正的改变
it was unable to effect real change in a chaotic world.
但是，中国一旦在强大的皇帝一统天下，
But once China was reunited under all powerful Emperors,
稳定了政♥治♥格局
stability changed the political landscape.
汉朝的第一位皇帝被他的主要大臣们说服了，
The first Emperor of the Han Dynasty was convinced by his principal advisor,
前任那些残酷的统治是糟糕的。
that ruling by brutality had served his predecessor badly.
与儒家思想结盟，
Allying himself with Confucianism,
德治理想将会赋予王朝更大的合法性
and its ideal of rule by virtue, would lend his dynasty greater legitimacy.
孔子非常重视的许多价值观，
Many of the values that Confucius set great store by,
教育的重要性，共同的文化遗产，
the importance of education, a shared cultural heritage,
一个有道德的政♥府♥，
an ethical government,
在他生活的混乱时代，似乎无关紧要
had seemed an irrelevance during the chaos of his lifetime.
但事实证明，这些措施在维系新帝国方面非常有效
But these would prove hugely effective in holding the new empire together.
历代皇帝都热情地接受儒家思想，
Successive Emperors enthusiastically took up Confucian ideas,
教育是核心
and education was central.
周初的诗歌♥、艺术和音乐得以复兴，
The poetry, arts, and music of the early Zhou were revived,
作为一种培养内在善良和美德的手段
as a means of cultivating the goodness and virtue within.
学童们背诵了儒家经典，
School children learned the Confucian canon by heart,
用他们最好的书法一丝不苟地写出来
meticulously writing it out in their best calligraphy.
对周代史书和礼仪的了解
Knowledge of the books of history and rituals of the Zhou dynasty
成为成为公务员的先决条件
became a prerequisite to be part of the civil service.
儒家教育和儒家文本，
Confucian education and Confucian texts,
成为中国历史上一股强大的综合力量
became a powerfully integrative force in Chinese history.
当然，这对统治者来说非常有用
And of course it was very useful for rulers
强调服从、尊重和自上而下的结构
to have all that emphasis on obedience and respect and top-down structure.
[说普通话]