BBC：古代圣贤（2015）（3）

[fireworks stop]
哇，真是太受欢迎了，非常感谢
Wow, that was quite some welcome. Thank you.
孔子指出家庭是如何
Confucius noted how families
按照长幼划分，有固定的职责
are organized along hierarchical lines, with fixed responsibilities.
从出生起，我们就知道自己在关键关系中的地位
From birth, we learn our place within key relationships.
丈夫，妻子，父亲，儿子
Husband, wife. Father, son.
哥哥，弟弟
Older brother, younger brother.
哦，谢谢！哦，是的，非常感谢
Recognizing– Oh, thanks. Oh, yeah, thank you very much.
认识你，谢谢 -没关系，好的
Recognizing your– Thank you. It’s okay. Good.
认识到你在这些关系中的地位，
Recognizing your place within these relationships,
在这个长幼体系中履行你们的相互责任
and fulfilling your mutual responsibilities within that hierarchy
教授基本的道德价值观
taught essential moral values.
从家庭中，我们培养了忠诚、诚实、
From the family, we developed a sense of loyalty, honesty,
责任、尊重、孝顺的责任
duty, of respect, of filial responsibility.
最基本的，爱我们身边的人
Basically, to love those around us.
孔子认为家庭的概念是一个强有力的典范，
Confucius saw that the concept of family was a potent model,
以及社会弊病的潜在解决方案
and a potential solution for society’s ills.
这家人展示了如何行使权力，并将权力提交，
The family showed how authority could be both exercised and submitted to,
公平且富有成效
fairly and productively.
不是通过恐吓，而是通过相互同意
Not through intimidation, but through mutual assent.
从家庭中学习到的道德价值观，向下 关爱和关心，
The moral values learned in the family, affection and care,
向上，忠诚和服从，
directed downwards, and loyalty and obedience directed above,
有潜力改变每个人
had the potential to transform everyone.
但孔子看到，可以说他们最大的价值在于关系
But Confucius saw, that arguably their greatest value lay in relation
社会核心的突出问题
to the glaring problem at the heart of society.
统治者的任性
The waywardness of its rulers.
这把华丽的剑体现了什么，对孔子来说，
This magnificent sword embodies what, for Confucius,
这是中国领导层的根本问题
was the fundamental problem with Chinese leadership.
这是孔子在的时期制♥作♥的，它告诉了我们关于它自己的一切
This was made when Confucius was alive, and it tells us all about itself.
这里有一个铭文写着
There’s an inscription here that reads…
“属于越王勾践
“Belonging to the King Goujian of Yue.
专为他个人使用”
Made for his personal use.”
这显然是一件非常豪华的物品
Now this is obviously a fabulously deluxe object.
孔子对这一点本身就没有问题
And Confucius wouldn’t have had a problem with that per se.
他不是清教♥徒♥式的，他享受着生活中的美好，
He wasn’t puritanical. He enjoyed the good things of life,
会在河里游泳，和朋友一起唱歌♥
swimming in rivers, singing with friends
他明白对世俗商品的需求
and he understood the need for worldly goods.
但他认为“好人”不应该只投入时间和精力
But he did not think that “good” men should devote their time and energy
追求个人利益，他不相信任何人在任何地方、任何时间都会做出过度的行为
to the pursuit of personal gain, and he didn’t believe in immoderate action, anywhere, anytime from anyone.
在孔子看来，
In Confucius’ opinion,
使用这种剑的国王往往放弃了美德，
kings who commissioned swords like this often abandoned virtue,
如果它妨碍了世俗的成功
if it got in the way of worldly success.
他看到了改变社会的方法
He saw the way to transform society
向家庭灌输工作中的价值观，
was to instill the values at work in the family,
在他那个时代的统治者中
in the rulers of his day.
为了理解他们的力量，
To understand the power they wielded,
你只需要看看他们在死亡中的荣耀
you only need look at the way they were honored in death…
这位统治者，大约在孔子时代，
This ruler, from around the time of Confucius,
随葬的还有26辆昂贵的战车和70匹祭祀用的马
was buried along with 26 expensive chariots and 70 sacrificial horses.
孔子在人际关系中看到了什么样的联♥系♥
What kind of connection did Confucius see between relationships
他在父子之间观察到的和这里发生的事？
that he’d observed between Father and Son and what’s going on here?
他认为如果你有个好父亲，
Well, he looked at the fact that if you had a good father,
他可以抚养一个好儿子，然后一个好儿子就可以了
he could bring up a good son and a good son could then
尊重父亲，这是可行的
respect the father and this could work.
所以他说，“好吧，看看它在这个水平上是否有效，让我们把它带到顶部”
So he said “Well, look if it works at this level, let’s just take it to the top.
如果统治者认为他下面的人是自己的孩子，
If the ruler views those beneath him as his children,
用坚定的爱对待他们，
and treats them with love but with firmness,
带着同情和正直，
with compassion but with integrity,
然后它会在整个系统中传播
then it would it roll down through the system
儒家可以说，
and the Confucianist could say,
“你看，统治者是怎么过这种生活的，你应该这样生活”
“Look you see how the ruler’s living like this, you should live like this.”
实际上它也会传播开，
And literally it would roll down,
就像山上的云朵，给每个人带来祝福
like the clouds from the mountain and bring blessing to everyone.
所以对他来说，力量本身并不是问题，
So for him, might in and of itself wasn’t a problem,
但如果你有力量，那你也得
but if you had might, then you also had to have
一种对你的人♥民♥的哲学责任？
a kind of philosophical responsibility to your people?
对孔子延续了周代的传统
Yes. Confucius continued the Zhou tradition
一个统治者有权遵守规则，因为上天显然
that a ruler has the right the rule because heaven has clearly
赋予他们权力和权威
given them the power and the authority.
这就是为什么最高的统治者被称为“天子”
And that’s why the top, top ruler was called “Son of heaven”.
然而，这种授权，统治权，可能会被上天夺走，
However, that mandate, that right to rule, can be taken away by heaven,
这是上天夺走它的迹象
and a sign that heaven has taken it away
自然灾害，大地震，洪水
is natural disasters, massive earthquakes, floods.
孔子说，如果统治者腐♥败♥，
Confucius said if a ruler becomes corrupt,
人们正在遭受这种残酷的折磨，
and people are suffering through this cruelty,
那么人♥民♥就有权反抗
then the people have the right to rebel.
孔子在某种程度上告诉你尊重、荣誉、责任、忠诚，
And so Confucius, at one level, tells you respect, honor, duty, loyalty,
他还说，如果失败了，你有权推♥翻♥
and he also said, if that fails, you have the right to overthrow.
妙招
Amazing trick.
孔子的策略非常直接
Confucius’ tactic was very direct.
他开始通过获得政♥府♥职位来影响当权者
He set out to influence those in power by getting a governmental post.
一个障碍，是他的个性，他经常被认为傲慢，
One snag was his personality. He was often seen as arrogant,
他发表建议的方式太直率了
too blunt in the way he delivered his advice.
但他也面临着一个更大的问题
But he also faced a bigger problem.
敌人的军队多达30万人
With enemy armies, numbering as many as 300,000
在他们的边界上扎营，背信弃义的儿子在背后密谋，
camped on their borders, and disloyal sons plotting behind their backs,
也许这并不奇怪，当时的统治者
perhaps it’s no surprise that the rulers of the day
没有认真对待孔子
failed to take Confucius seriously.
培养道德品质，
Cultivating moral character and virtuous actions,
在如此不稳定的时期，这并不是一个优先事项
in such precarious times, was just not a priority.
[说普通话]
[speaking in Mandarin]
一次又一次的拒绝，
With rejection upon rejection,
孔子摇摇欲坠的政♥治♥生涯似乎注定要失败
Confucius’ faltering political career looked set to fail
他的思想有可能被历史所遗忘
and his ideas in danger of being lost to history.
他顽强，资源广泛
But he was tenacious and resourceful.
在50出头的时候，他似乎决定改变自己的策略
In his early 50s, it looks as though he decided to change his strategy.
他收拾好几件东西，再次上路，
He gathered together a few belongings and hit the road once again,
继续他的道德远征
to continue his moral crusade.
只是这一次，他并不孤单
Only this time, he wasn’t alone.
他有了一群热心的学生一起旅行
He was traveling together with a group of devoted students.
他具有吸引有活力的年轻人的能力，
His ability to attract motivated young men,
让他改变自我和社会的使命重回正轨
put his mission to transform self and society back on track.
众所周知，孔子具有一种令人信服的原始魅力
By all accounts, Confucius possessed a kind of compelling raw charisma.
再加上严谨的思维，大胆的，令人兴奋的新想法，
Now combine that with intellectual rigor, with bold, exciting new ideas,
和鼓舞人心的道德教育，就有了一个强有力的组合
and inspiring moral instruction, and you’ve got a potent mix.
虽然孔子一个人失败了，大约70名学生组成的纽带
Whilst Confucius had failed alone, a band of around 70 students
可以渗透到权力走廊，在许多层面，在许多诸侯国
could infiltrate the corridors of power, at many levels, and in many states.
他们可以成为道德先锋
They could be a moral vanguard
向统治者提供关于如何德治的建议和指导
to advise and instruct rulers on how to rule virtuously.
对于这个至关重要的角色，
And for this vital role,
孔子是严格的精英主义者，
Confucius was scrupulously meritocratic,
接受来自最贫困家庭的学生
accepting students even from the poorest of backgrounds.
孔子在《论语》中说，
In the Analects, Confucius said,
“我从未拒绝任何人的指导，
“I have never refused instruction to anyone,
如果，他主动来找我”
if, of his own accord, he comes to me.”
这本身就是一个真正的创新时刻，标志着一个历史性的转变
This in itself, was a truly innovatory moment, marking an historic shift.
他敦促中国社会不再受统治
He was urging that Chinese society should no longer be governed
由世袭精英，
by a hereditary elite,
那些只因血统而获得地位的人
people who owed their positions simply to their bloodlines.
而是那些最善良、最关心的人
Rather, it was those who were most virtuous, most concerned
关于其他人的福祉，谁应该领导
about the well-being of others, who should lead.
他的方式对任何背景的人都是开放的，
His way was open to people from any background,
上升到权威的位置
to rise to positions of authority.
孔子分享了他对一种平均主义的开创性承诺
Confucius shared his groundbreaking commitment to a kind of egalitarianism
苏格拉底和佛陀
with Socrates and the Buddha.
理论上，他们的解决方案对每个人都是可行的
Their solutions were, in theory, available to everyone.
但是，在或多或少的程度上，
But, to a greater or lesser extent,
说到女性，她们似乎都很挣扎
when it came to women, they all seemed to have struggled.
他们都不是典型的家庭男人
None of them were exactly model family men.
佛陀离开了他的妻子和孩子，
The Buddha left his wife and child,
苏格拉底对他年轻的妻子很粗暴，