BBC：古代圣贤（2015）（3）

to our gestures and mood.
是中国传统文化中非常重要的一部分
It is a very essential part of traditional Chinese culture.
[用普通话喊叫]
[shouting in Mandarin]
但这里的仪式永远不仅仅意味着仪式
But ritual here has always meant more than just ceremony.
这是一种包罗万象的精神气质，塑造着人们行为的方方面面
It’s an all-encompassing ethos that shapes every aspect of people’s behavior.
包括我们所说的礼仪和习俗
Including what we might call etiquette and customs.
仪式在我们的日常生活中很重要
Rites are important in our daily life.
当我们第一次见到朋友时，
When we meet some friends for the first time,
我们会握手问候对方，握手两次
we will greet each other with handshakes,shaking two times.
如果你好，你好，无益，你好，是的，很好
If hello, hello… no good. Hello, yes, good.
我们大家在公共场合都应该有礼貌
All of us should have courtesy in public places
了解社会道德
and understand social morality.
我们不应干涉他人，或给他人造成任何不便
We should not interfere or create any inconvenience to others.
孔子似乎致力于理解和完善周初的礼仪
It seems that Confucius threw himself into
understanding and perfecting the rites of the early Zhou.
孔子是一个非常注重细节的人，
Confucius was nothing if not a stickler for detail,
我们听说他甚至不会坐在垫子上，除非垫子是笔直的
we hear he wouldn’t even sit on a mat unless it was dead straight.
但他的精准似乎有一种美
But there seems to have been a kind of beauty in his precision.
听听这些描述他的美妙的话
Just listen to these wonderful words describing him.
“他的表情严肃，脚步轻快
“His expression was serious, his step brisk.
当他紧握双手向左右两边的同事鞠躬时，
When with his clasped hands he bowed to his colleagues on left and right,
他的长袍前后移♥动♥均匀
his robes moved evenly in front and back.
他匆忙的前进是一次滑行”
His hurrying advance was a glide.”
孔子开始“传递”适当仪式的重要性，
Confucius set out to “transmit” the importance of proper ritual,
在全国推广他的想法
promoting his ideas right across the land.
一篇报道描述了他相当敌意的接待
One account describes his rather hostile reception
一位来自齐国的政♥府♥顾问
from a government advisor in the state of Qi.
“孔子如此注重外表和服装，
“Confucius lays such stress on appearance and costume,
精心设计的礼仪和行为准则需要几代人的时间
elaborate etiquette, and codes of behavior that it would take generations
学习他的规则；一辈子是不够的”
to learn his rule; one lifetime wouldn’t be enough.”
时至今日，孔子经常受到批评
To this day, Confucius is often criticized
因为他对复杂的古老仪式的迂腐执着
for his pedantic attachment to intricate forms of antiquated ritual.
但他的批评者不明白的是，
But what his critics didn’t understand,
他在这些古老的仪式中发现了一些全新的东西，
is that he had discovered something radically new within these ancient rites,
这标志着他的思想发生了重大转变
something which marked a critical shift in his thinking.
孔子二十几岁时，他的母亲去世了
When Confucius’ was in his mid-twenties, his mother died.
三年来，他尽职尽责地守孝
For three years, he dutifully carried out ancestral rites in her honor.
但他会给这些传统注入新的生命和新的意义
But he would breathe new life, and new meaning into these traditions.
哦，是的
Oh, yes.
哇，真漂亮
Wow, how beautiful.
那么这些都是在祖先崇拜中实际使用的东西？
So these are things that would have been actually used in ancestor worship?
确切地,古代中国人相信人死后,鬼魂会继续存在
Exactly. Ancient Chinese believed that ghost and spirits continue
存在于在祖先死后
to exist after the ancestors died.
因此，用这种容器为他们提供食物和葡萄酒，是很重要的
So it’s important to offer them food and wine in these kind of vessels.
尤其是那些由非常昂贵的青铜制成的
In particular those made of very expensive bronze.
每个人都会非常投入
And everyone would be really engaging
在仪式上继续他们以前的关系
in the ritual to continue a kind of relationship they had before.
我们知道孔子对这一切的看法吗？
Do we know what Confucius thought about all of this?
孔子仍然相信祭祖仍然是非常重要的一部分，
Well, Confucius still believed that ancestors were still very important part,
但是他开始把重点转移到生活上，
um, but he started to shift emphasis towards the living,
这意味着发展对我们来说很重要
by saying that it meant that it’s important for us to develop
这种尊重和适当的关系
this kind of reverence and the proper relationship
趁他们还活着
while they are still alive.
正如他在《论语》中所说的，如果你不知道
As he said in the Analects very clearly that if you don’t know
如何为生者服务，你如何知道如何为死者服务？
how to serve the living, how would you know how to serve the dead?
这真的很有趣，他说
That’s really interesting, he’s saying actually
首先关注此时此刻此地，
focus first on the here and now and on,
对那些每天仍在你身边的人
on those who are still around you in the day to day
在你开始思考那些早已死去的人之前
before you start to think about those who are long dead.
你说得太对了，这不再只是像这样的物体
You are so right. It’s no longer just about objects like this
这是关于你的心态，你的感受，
it’s about your state of mind, your feelings,
你内心的爱和真诚，你会用于你周围的人
your love and sincerity from inside
that you would have towards these people around you.
孔子意识到，仪式能让我们产生积极的情绪
Confucius realized that ritual brought out positive emotions in us.
但他真正重大的启示
But his really big revelation
这可能会永久改变我们
was that this could permanently change who we are.
习惯性地执行历史的仪式，
Habitually performing the rituals of history,
以正确的态度和真诚，可以改变我们的心态
with the right attitude and sincerity, could transform our mindset.
善良的感情可以造就善良的人
Virtuous feelings could make virtuous beings.
仪式不仅仅是你做事的方式，
Ritual for him, was not just the way you do things,
完全遵循传统或规则
exactly follow the tradition or the rules…
…但更重要的是，你必须有内在的东西
…but even more importantly, you’ve got to have something inside.
你必须要有一种内在的尊敬，
You’ve got to have a reverence, respect,
因为这是培养你，善良的内在，
because this was the way to cultivate your… the inside of goodness,
这类人的内在品质和整个人
the inside of this kind of and the qualities, and the whole person
会在内部发生变化
would be transformed on the inside.
但我的意思是这听起来很激进，所以他说，
But I mean that sounds really radical, so he’s saying,
你需要做正确的事情，但这不仅仅是一个机械动作，
you need to do things properly, but they’re not just a mechanical action,
它会从心理上影响你内心的自我？
it affects who you are inside, sort of psychologically?
是的，是的，我想正是这样，不仅给社会和生活带来秩序，
Yes, yeah, I think this exactly. Not only bring order to the social and life,
但也要在这个意义下创造一种新的心理
but also to create a new psychological under this meaning there
努力培养良好的人文素质
and tried to cultivate good human qualities.
是啊，我是说这很有趣因为他不推销自己
Yeah! I mean it’s interesting cause he doesn’t sell himself
作为一个创新者，但他是
as an innovator but he was.
是的，他是，我想孔子说过，你知道，他是唯一的传送器，
Yes, he was. I think Confucius said, you know, he was the only transmitter,
把古代文化传给今天，传给未来
that transmitted the ancient culture to today, to the future.
但实际上，他所做的是创新
But actually, what he did was innovation.
这些新的东西都来自于他的重新诠释
These new things that are really coming from his reinterpretation
已经存在的东西，比如仪式
of something that already exists such as the ritual.
滋养美德是孔子愿景的核心
Nourishing virtue lay at the core of Confucius’ vision.
他在日常仪式中看到了变革的机会，
And he saw transformative opportunities in everyday rituals,
我们如何说话，如何穿衣，如何饮食
how we speak, how we dress, and how we eat.
但最贴近他的是音乐
But one that was particularly close to his heart was music.
据说他演奏过古筝和大编钟
He’s said to have played the zither and the sounding chimes.
这是一个音乐无处不在的时代和地方
This was a time and place, where music was all around.
演奏了非常美妙的东西，比如这套不朽的排钟，
Played on totally wonderful things like this monumental set of bells,
日期是孔子去世后不久
that date to just after Confucius’ death.
在庙宇和家庭里，人们播放音乐来伴随仪式，
Music was played to accompany ritual in temples and homes,
所以如果你听这些，
so if you listen to these,
然后你会听到
then you’ll be hearing the sounds that would have
在孔子的有生之年，就被音乐包围了的声音
surrounded Confucius during his lifetime.
[共鸣]
[resonating]
孔子坚信音乐具有和声的力量，
Confucius was convinced that music had the power to harmonize,
改变和完善一个人
to transform and perfect an individual.
基本上，这是2500年前的艺术疗法
Basically, this is art as therapy two and a half thousand years
在我们发明这个短语之前
before we invent the phrase.
哲学理念在日常生活中的实际应用
This practical application of philosophical ideas in day-to-day life
是孔子真正的标志，
is something that really marks out Confucius,
以及其他改变规则的哲学家，佛陀和苏格拉底
as well as those other game-changing philosophers, the Buddha and Socrates.
作为一个哲学家，你不仅沉迷于抽象的沉思，
As a philosopher, you don’t just indulge in abstract musings,
你为你的理论建立了一个强大的传递机制
you develop a robust delivery mechanism for your theories.
想法必须有牵引力，并且必须有切实的影响
Ideas have to have traction, and they have to have tangible impact.
孔子是个务实的人
Confucius was a practical man.
他被激励采取行动
He had been spurred into action
在他出生的好战年代
by the bellicose times into which he was born.
如果能够扩大影响范围，
他的哲学才有一个真正的成功，
His philosophy would only truly be a success,
if he it could affect change on a grand scale.
孔子开始认为
Confucius came to think this…
塑造和培养道德人格
that shaping and cultivating moral individuals
是建立稳定的社会和政♥治♥秩序的关键
was the key to creating a stable social and political order.
通过找出什么造就了一个好人，你就可以创造一个美好的社会
By figuring out what made a good person, you could make a good society.
所以他的任务是
And so his mission was this…
教人们如何变得高尚
To teach people how to be virtuous
在一个政♥治♥混乱和道德丧失的世界里
in a world of political disorder and moral decay.
孔子给了自己一座可以攀登的山
Confucius had given himself a mountain to climb.
如何向社会灌输美德，
How to instill virtue in society,
当社会的道德契约被如此打破时，孔子面临着巨大的挑战
when society’s moral contract was so broken, was Confucius’ big challenge.
他将从一个熟悉且经久不衰的机构中寻找灵感
He was to find inspiration from a familiar and enduring institution.
家庭
The Family.
你好，非常感谢
Hello. Thank you.
-[烟花]-[喘息]
-[fireworks] -[gasps]
[烟花停止]