BBC：古代圣贤（2015）（2）

它们是吸引人的想法，
They are fascinating ideas,
但是，对雅典人来说，一定非常、非常不安
but, they must have been very,very troubling to the Athenians
因为他一定觉得自己好像在毁掉基础
because it must have felt as if he waskind of unpicking the foundations
让社区团结在一起的基础
that kept communities together.
是 啊在他们看来，这会很脆弱，
Yeah. It would have looked weak to them,
看起来像是，“哦，不，你不是一个真正的男人，
it would have looked like, “oh no you’re not a real man,
你不是在为自己辩护，
you’re not standing up for yourself,
你在做什么？”
what are you doing?”
在某种程度上，他几乎预料到了山上布道的教学，
In a way he’s almost anticipating,the teaching of the sermon on the Mount,
你知道，从某种意义上说，转另一面脸
you know, turn the other cheek in a sense.
但是，他比那早500年
But, he’s 500 years before that.
他怎么敢与社会其他人步调一致？
How does he dare to march so out of step from the rest of society?
因为我认为他绝对相信没有人能伤害他的灵魂，
Because I think he absolutely believes that nobody else can harm his soul,
但是，如果他参与了被邀请采取的非法行动
but, if he takes part in the illegal actions that he was invited to take
如果他参与进来，那他绝对会伤害自己的灵魂
part in, then he will be absolutely damaging his own soul
剥夺了他过上幸福繁荣生活的机会
and taking away his chance of a happy and flourishing life.
以智慧和真理的名义，苏格拉底准备危险地把头伸过去
In the name of wisdom and truth, Socrates was prepared to stick his head dangerously
高出护墙
high above the parapet.
有趣的是，这是他与孔子和佛陀共同拥有的品质
Interestingly, it’s a quality that he shares with both Confucius and the Buddha.
对于这三位哲学家，个人舒适和个人安全
For all three philosophers, personal comfort and personal security
对原则来说，这是一个糟糕的第二步
came a poor second to principle.
在苏格拉底的例子中，他有坚定信念的勇气
And in the case of Socrates, having the courage of his convictions
将被证明是一个生死攸关的问题
would prove to be a matter of life or, death.
随着雅典的敌人逼近，社会开始自食其果
As Athens’ enemies closed in, society turned in on itself.
自♥由♥是它再也负担不起的奢侈品
Freedom was a luxury it could no longer afford.
最后斯巴达人让雅典屈服，
Finally the Spartans brought Athens to her knees,
他们拆毁了她的城墙，
they tore down her city walls,
并建立了一个由30名精心挑选的寡头组成的军政♥府♥
and installed a junta of thirty hand-picked oligarchs.
行刑队在街上游荡，成千上万的民♥主♥党人
Death squads roamed the streets,and thousands of democrats
被“失踪”，被迫流放或被处决
were “disappeared’, forced into exile or, executed.
尽管反♥革♥命♥恢复了民♥主♥，但仅仅8.个月后
Even though a counter revolution restored democracy, just 8 months later…
这是一个严重妥协的民♥主♥国家，充满怀疑和相互指责
it was a deeply compromised democracy,
riven with suspicion and recrimination.
在这种有毒的气氛中，
In this poisonous atmosphere,
雅典最终决定对付它的麻烦：牛虻
Athens finally decided to deal with its troublesome gadfly.
公元前399年，70岁时，
In 399 BC, at the age of 70,
苏格拉底回到法庭
Socrates was back in court.
这一次，他正在受审
This time, he was on trial.
对他的指控在这里，在广场上宣读，
The accusations against him were read out here, in the Agora,
靠近这块誓言石
close to this oath stone.
第一项指控是不敬
The first charge was impiety.
否认神并引入新的神
Denying the gods and introducing new ones.
第二，他腐蚀了年轻人
The second, that he’d corrupted the young.
两者都可能受到最重的惩罚，处决
Both could carry the heaviest penalty, execution.
审判在一个宗教法庭上进行
The trial took place in a religious court.
使用最新的技术
Using the latest technology.
一个水钟测量了控方审理案件所允许的3.个小时
A water clock measured the 3 hours allowed to the prosecution’s case.
指控他的人有政♥治♥动机吗？
Were his accusers politically motivated?
他是否因为与著名的反民♥主♥党人交往而成为替罪羊
Was he being scapegoated for his association with prominent anti-democrats
像阿尔西比德斯？可能
like Alcibiades? Perhaps.
但是，然后他开始打开年轻人的思想，
But, then he’d set about to open the minds of the young,
他提出了刺♥激♥性的问题，挑战现状
and with his goading questions, to challenge the status quo.
最后，水钟被重新装满，以供哲学家自卫
Eventually the water clock was refilled for the philosopher to defend himself.
柏拉图讲述了苏格拉底是如何感觉到自己在为一个失败的事业而战的
Plato recounts how Socrates feels he’s fighting a lost cause
多亏了亚里士多德·芬尼斯对他的讽刺
thanks to Aristophanes searing, damaging caricature of him.
“不是我的罪行会判我有罪” 他说：“但是，谣言和八卦”
“It is not my crimes that will convict me”
he said “But, rumor and gossip”.
“我无法为自己辩护，这就像与阴影搏斗”
“I can’t defend myself,
it is like boxing with shadows.”
“你会说服自己我有罪的”
“You will persuade yourselves that I am guilty.”
然而，在典型的风格中，苏格拉底用他的辩护来刺痛他的雅典同胞
Yet, in typical style, Socrates uses his defense to sting his fellow Athenians
从道德的沉睡中
from their moral slumber.
这是一篇精彩而大胆的演讲
It is a brilliant, audacious speech.
但是，这也是挑衅和傲慢，陪审员一点也不喜欢
But, it’s also provocative and arrogant,
and the jurors don’t like it one bit.
曾经崇拜自♥由♥和言论自♥由♥的城市-
The city that once fetishized freedom and freedom of speech –
不能容忍♥冒犯的自♥由♥
could not tolerate freedom to offend.
苏格拉底是由至少500名随机挑选的人来评判的，
Socrates was judged by at least 500 men chosen at random,
从受伤的城邦各地招募
and recruited from all over the traumatized city-state.
陪审员会在秘密投票中使用这些选票
The jurors would have used these ballots in a secret vote.
无罪释放的坚实基础，谴责的空洞
A solid stem for acquittal.
A hollow for condemnation.
被判有罪后，将进行第二次投票以决定对他的惩罚
Found guilty, a second vote is held to determine his punishment.
苏格拉底有机会通过提出一个较小的选择来避免死刑，
Socrates has the chance to avoid execution by proposing a lesser alternative,
通常是罚款或流放
typically a fine, or, exile.
相反，通过自♥由♥、民♥主♥地发言，
Instead, by speaking freely, democratically,
他似乎要牺牲自己
he seems to invite martyrdom.
他宣称自己的生活是为了城市的利益；
He declares that he’s lived his life for the benefit of the city;
他应该得到奖励，而不是惩罚
he deserves reward, not retribution.
他建议吃晚饭，永远，以公民为代价
He suggests dinner, in perpetuity,
at the citizens’ expense.
苏格拉底的讽刺使他在第二轮投票中失去了更多的支持
Socrates’ irony loses him more support in the second vote.
他似乎对这条消息持哲学态度
It seems he takes the news philosophically.
陪审团不能伤害他的灵魂，但是，他们伤害了自己
The jury couldn’t harm his soul,
but, they had harmed their own.
“现在我去死，你去活；上帝只知道哪一次旅行更好……”
“Now I go to die and you to live; God only knows which is the better journey…”
苏格拉底并不害怕他不知道的事情，包括死亡
Socrates didn’t fear what he didn’t know, including death.
神谕所宣称的最聪明的人，
The man the Oracle proclaimed to be the wisest,
他因将自己的哲学付诸实践而被判死刑
was now on Death Row for putting his own philosophy into practice.
我发现苏格拉底有一点很有说服力
One of the things I find so compelling about Socrates
即使他生活在25个世纪前，
is that even though he lived 25 centuries ago,
在很多方面，他看到我们来了
in many ways, he saw us coming.
他谴责对外表的痴迷，
He denounces an obsession with looks,
有着旋转和名声的物质商品
with material goods with spin and with fame.
他不仅仅是在探索生命的意义，但是，我们自己生命的意义
He wasn’t just exploring the meaning of life,
but, the meaning of our own lives.
听听这个
Just listen to this…
“哦，我的朋友，你为什么，
‘Oh my friend, why do you,
他们是伟大智慧之城雅典的公民，
who are a citizen of the great and wise city of Athens,
那么在乎财富、荣誉和名誉的积累吗？
care so much about the laying up wealth and honor and reputation?
关于智慧、真理和灵魂的提升，我们所知甚少
And so little about wisdom and truth and the improvement of the soul.
你不觉得羞耻吗？”
Are you not ashamed?”
苏格拉底要等一个月才能被处决，
Socrates would have to wait a month for his execution,
一句意在使他沉默的话
a sentence intended to silence him…
但是，苏格拉底死在人♥民♥手中，
But, Socrates death at the hands of the people,
为他作为意识形态殉道者的复活提供了完美的素材-
provided the perfect ingredients for his resurrection as an ideological martyr –
一种蓝图哲学家
a kind of blueprint philosopher.
讽刺的是，是什么保护了他的遗产
And, ironically, what secured his legacy
这正是他一生所忽视的
was the very thing that he’d disregarded throughout his life.
书面文字
The written word.
他的支持者详细描述了他的非凡生活，
His supporters wrote detailed accounts of his extraordinary life,
使他的思想和精神永垂不朽
immortalizing his ideas and his spirit.
通过他们的话，他的游戏改变了，创造历史的声音经久不衰
Through their words, his game-changing,
history-making voice endures…
仍然在问那些探索性的、普遍的问题，
Still asking those probing, universal questions which,
即使在今天，是我们价值体系的核心
even today, are at the heart of our value-systems.
什么让我们变得更好？ -什么是正义？
What makes us good? -What is justice?
我们怎么能快乐呢？
How can we be happy?
苏格拉底是柏拉图和亚里士多德的灵感来源
Socrates was the inspiration for Plato and Aristotle.
两位哲学巨人的思想
Two giants of philosophy whose ideas would
塑造西方和东方文明，直到今天
shape Western and Eastern civilization up until today.
苏格拉底死后，柏拉图厌恶地放弃了他的政♥治♥野心，
Following Socrates’ death Plato abandoned his political ambitions in disgust,
建立了他的学院，并将继续作为
and set up his Academy, which would continue as a
近千年的学习中心
center of learning for close on a thousand years.
这座建筑是雅典的现代学院，
This building is Athens’ modern Academy,
它离最初的只有几英里，
and it’s just a couple of miles from the original,
它是全球学术机构网络的一部分，
and it’s part of a network of academic institutions, right across the globe,
受到雅典榜样的启发
inspired by that Athenian example.
在苏格拉底被处决的那天，
On the day of Socrates’ execution,
他伤心的朋友和家人来到了这里
his distraught friends and family came here to the Agora.
苏格拉底曾经自♥由♥行走的地方现在成了他的笼子
The place where Socrates had once walked freely was now his cage.
但是，他很平静
But, he is serene.
他平静地举起致命的一小杯铁杉毒药和饮料
Calmly he lifts the lethal little cup of hemlock poison and drinks.
我们被告知，苏格拉底的临终遗言，致命的铁杉开始生效，
We’re told that Socrates’ last words,as the lethal hemlock took effect,
是“克里托，我们欠阿斯克勒庇乌斯一只公鸡”