BBC：古代圣贤（2015）（2）

他开始盘问那些以智慧著称的人，
He set about cross-examining people who had a reputation for wisdom,
或者一种特殊的专业知识
or a particular kind of specialist knowledge.
在询问公职人员、诗人和工匠之后，
After questioning public officials, poets and craftsmen,
他发现他们都缺乏他们声称的智慧
he discovered that they all lacked the wisdom they claimed.
苏格拉底最终得出结论，神谕确实是正确的
Eventually Socrates concluded that the Oracle was indeed right.
他是最聪明的人，但是，正如他所说：
He was the wisest of men,but, only because as he put it:
“我不假装知道——我不知道的”
“I do not pretend to know, -what I don’t know.”
苏格拉底更聪明，因为他承认
Socrates was wiser, because he acknowledged
他自己理解的极限
the limits of his own understanding.
通过公开揭露那些声称
By publicly exposing the false pretensions and ignorance of those who did claim
要知道真♥相♥，他一定会树敌
to know the truth, he was bound to make enemies.
但是，关于苏格拉底还有其他一些东西，这更令人不安
But, there was something else about Socrates, that was even more unsettling.
他声称有自己的指导精神
He claimed to have his own daimonion,or guiding spirit.
一种与超自然世界沟通的热♥线♥
A kind of hot line of communication to the supernatural world.
在恍惚状态下，这名戴莫宁对他说话
This daimonion spoke to him during trance-like episodes.
它警告他不要做出错误的决定
It warned him from making wrong decisions.
有一次，它建议不要进入公共政♥治♥
On one occasion it advised against entering public politics.
苏格拉底的追随者会对这种独特的个人神圣召唤感到敬畏，
Socrates’ followers would have been in awe of this uniquely personal divine calling,
但是，普通的雅典人会对此感到困惑和深深的不安
but, the average Athenian would have been confused and deeply disturbed by it.
别忘了，这是一个宗教仪式和信仰的时间和地点
Don’t forget, this is a time and place where ritual devotion and belief
所有这些都是在公共场所进行的，是共享体验的一部分
all take place out in public as part of a shared experience.
不仅如此，
Not only that,
但是，希腊民间文化想象世界充满了精神-
but, Greek folk culture imagined the world to be infused with spirits –
不是所有的都好
not all of them good.
苏格拉底的非正统、私密的灵性
Socrates’ unorthodox, private spirituality
可能很容易与一种更黑暗、更麻烦的魔法混淆
could have been easily confused with a darker, more troubling kind of magic.
有人咕哝着说他是个巫师！
Some muttered that he was a sorcerer!
在这种超宗教文化中，
In this super-religious culture,
这位哲学家正使自己暴露于丑闻之中
the philosopher was laying himself open to scandal.
虚假的谣言和影射会在一个非常公开的舞台上达到高♥潮♥
False rumors and innuendo would culminate on a very public stage.
助长了这种错误信息，
Fostering the kind of misinformation,
这最终会给苏格拉底带来灾难
that would ultimately spell disaster for Socrates.
想象一下苏格拉底，在这里忙碌，公元前423年春天来到狄俄尼索斯剧院
Picture Socrates, bustling up here,
to the theater of Dionysus in Spring, 423 BC.
他在节目中找到了一些零食，
He finds some snacks to munch during the show,
鹰嘴豆，无花果，坚果，坐下来看电视剧
chickpeas, figs, nuts, settling down to watch the drama.
他来这里看一部新的喜剧，叫做《云》，
He’s here to watch a new comedy, called Clouds ,
雅典剧院的年轻巴克，亚里士多德芬尼，
by the young buck of Athenian theater, Aristophanes,
只有22岁，渴望成名
only 22, and eager to make his mark.
现在这个城市里的一个大人物，苏格拉底被认为是公平的游戏
By now a big character in the city,
Socrates is considered fair game.
他被无情地假释了
And he’s parodied pretty mercilessly.
他被描绘成一个可笑的人物，一所荒谬学校的校长，
He’s portrayed as a ludicrous figure,
the head of a ridiculous school,
被称为“思考商店”
called the ‘think shop’.
[观众大笑]
[audience laughing]
苏格拉底的性格与其他知识分子融为一体
Socrates’s character was merged with other intellectuals
他们引起了公众的怀疑
who were arousing popular suspicion.
狡猾的诡辩家通过制♥造♥
The devious Sophists who undermined society by making
“弱者战胜强者”
‘the weak argument defeat the stronger’.
还有前苏格拉底派，他们在某些情况下，
And the pre-Socratics, who in some cases,
用科学取代了众神的显赫地位
displaced the pre-eminence of the gods with their science.
我们听说苏格拉底来剧院是为了看亚里士多德的云，
We’re told that Socrates actually came to the theater to watch Aristophanes’ Clouds,
看到自己被这样描绘，他会有什么感觉？
what could it have felt like for him to see himself portrayed in that way?
我想他一定是被逗乐了，
I think he, he must have been amused, there is this,
苏格拉底站起来的轶事
this anecdote of Socrates actually standing up
让那些不认识他的人知道他是谁
in the seats of the theater so that those who didn’t know him knew who he was
他的角色在舞台上被嘲笑时的样子
and what he looked like as his character was being ridiculed on stage.
所以，我认为苏格拉底脱离了所有这些标准的社会规范
So, I think Socrates was detached from all these standard norms of society
我认为他可能会喜欢这样
and I think it’s possible that he might have enjoyed that.
从表面上看，这一切都很有趣，但是，你认为苏格拉底应该这样吗
On the face of it this is all very amusing but, do you think that Socrates should be
亚里斯多芬尼斯选择的刻画方式让人担心吗？
worried by the way that Aristophanes is choosing to portray him?
事后看来，我认为他应该担心
In hindsight I think he should have been worried…
民♥主♥的核心，民♥主♥的原则是公民受教育
The core of democracy, the principle of democracy is that citizens be educated.
如果你没有受过教育的公民，民♥主♥就行不通
If you don’t have educated citizens democracy does not work.
剧院是教育雅典公民的主要工具
The theater was a major tool for educating the Athenian citizens
而对这一描述的记忆将在未来几十年里一直存在
and the memory of that portrayal would have remained for decades to come
整整一代雅典人都会接触到它
as a whole generation of Athenians would have been exposed to it.
这是古代的媒体审判吗？
It’s the ancient equivalent of trial by media?
是的，是在5.世纪的雅典
It is, it is in 5th century Athens, yeah.
[观众大笑]
[audience laughing]
但是，苏格拉底名誉上出现的裂痕
But, the cracks appearing in Socrates’ reputation
与雅典发生的事情相比，这算不了什么
were nothing compared to what was happening to Athens itself.
随着与斯巴达的战争持续，
As the war with Sparta dragged on,
人们质疑民♥主♥实验的成功
people questioned the success of the democratic experiment.
不确定性的核心是苏格拉底的密友阿尔西比亚德斯
At the heart of the uncertainty was Socrates’ close friend Alcibiades.
他被选中在公元前415年率领一支远征队对抗西西里岛
He’d been chosen to lead an expedition against Sicily in 415 BC.
这是雅典军事史上规模最大的一次
The largest in Athens’ military history.
但是有一天晚上，启航前，
But, one night, before they set sail,
有人穿过雅典的街道
someone stalked through Athens’ streets
毁坏了保护神赫密士的雕像
mutilating statues of the Protector God Hermes.
谣传阿尔西比亚德斯和他的贵族朋友是破坏公物的：
The rumor spread that Alcibiades, and his aristocratic friends, were the vandals:
这是推♥翻♥民♥主♥的阴谋的一部分
part of a plot to bring down democracy.
回到雅典，谣言升级为愤怒，
Back in Athens, rumor escalated to outrage,
阿尔基比亚德斯被勒令回家接受亵渎罪的审判
and Alcibiades was ordered home to face trial on charges of sacrilege.
但是，在途中，他消失了
But, then, en route, he vanished.
他再次出现的地方震惊了所有人
And where he reappeared, shocked everyone.
他作为叛徒出现在雅典最大敌人的怀抱里，斯巴达
He turned up, a traitor, in the bosom of Athens’ greatest enemy… Sparta.
阿尔西比亚德斯破坏性的叛逃加剧了敬畏上帝的公众的焦虑
Alcibiades’ damaging defection exacerbated the anxieties of a god-fearing public.
他们需要一个替罪羊——苏格拉底被联想玷污了
They needed a scapegoat – and Socrates was tainted by association.
但是，他似乎并不在意
But, he seems unconcerned.
顽强地追求对错的认识高于一切
Doggedly pursuing the knowledge of right from wrong above all else.
所以，当，这位哲学家在60多岁时出人意料地进入了公众生活
So, when, the philosopher unexpectedly entered public life in his ’60s
他当时正在与雅典发生碰撞
he was on a collision course with Athens.
他成为了一个情绪激动的案件的主审官
He became presiding officer in an emotionally charged case
他的戏剧是在普尼克斯山上上演的
whose drama was played out here on the hill of the Pnyx.
六名名誉扫地的雅典将军被指控未能收集尸体
Six disgraced Athenian generals were accused of failing to collect the bodies
死去的士兵，抛下大海
of dead soldiers, lost at sea.
公众呼吁将军们一起受审，
The public called for the generals to be tried together,
违反了雅典法律
in breach of Athenian law.
但是，苏格拉底拒绝被人群复仇的情绪所左右
But, Socrates refused to be swept along by the vengeful mood of the crowd.
尽管威胁要以叛国罪起诉，苏格拉底还是拒绝让步
Even though threatened with indictment for treason, Socrates refused to budge.
他不想参与这个袋鼠法庭 （注：私自设立的不公正♥法♥庭）
He wanted no part in this kangaroo court.
太阳落山时，出现了僵局
As the sun set, there was stalemate.
第二天早上，苏格拉底离开了这个案子
And then the next morning Socrates was off the case.
那天晚些时候，将军们一起在Pynx受审
Later that day, the generals were all tried here together at the Pynx.
被判有罪，然后被处决
Condemned and then executed.
对我来说，这个案子体现了
To me this case embodies one of the most important ideas that
苏格拉底一生都在发展，
Socrates has been developing all his adult life,
这就是一个人永远不应该复仇
which is that one should never take revenge.
在这件事上，他完全颠覆了一个基本原则
And in this he’s completely turning on its head one of the foundational tenets
希腊传统道德中说你应该帮助你的朋友
of traditional Greek morality which said that you should help your friends
伤害你的敌人。苏格拉底说不
and harm your enemies. And Socrates says no.
因为你对另一个人所能做的，
Because all you can do to another person,
你可以拿走他们的财产，
is you can take away their possessions,
你可以伤害他们的身体，你可以杀死他们
you can damage their body, you can kill them.
但是，你不能伤害他们的灵魂
But, you can’t harm their soul.
但是，对别人做错事是在伤害自己的灵魂
But, by doing wrong to somebody else you are damaging your own soul
从而剥夺了你成为一个贤惠的人的机会
and thereby taking away your chance of a virtuous and hence also a
幸福而繁荣的生活
happy and flourishing life.
这是一个相信正义并希望看到正义得到实施的城邦
This was a city state that believed in justice and wanted to see justice enacted.
那么，在苏格拉底的书中，惩罚应该采取什么形式呢？
So, in Socrates’ book what form should punishment take?
这是一个很好的观点，他确实相信有时候惩罚是适当的，
It’s a good point, he does believe that sometimes punishment is appropriate,
但是，你惩罚某人仅仅是为了治愈他们的灵魂
but, you punish somebody solely in terms of trying to cure their soul
他们做错事给自己造成的伤害
of the damage that they have brought upon themselves by doing wrong.
所以，惩罚是为了治愈和净化受损的灵魂
So, punishment is there to cure and purify a damaged soul.
即使到了今天，这些想法仍然让人感觉相当进步
Even today, those still feel like quite progressive ideas.
当然，我的意思是我们几乎没有跟上这些想法，
Absolutely, I mean we’re barely catching up with these ideas,
即使现在我们仍然有争论，惩罚的目的是什么，
even now we still have debates,
what’s the purpose of punishment, is it to,
是报复还是改革
is it to kind of retribution or, is it some kind of reform.
苏格拉底非常清楚，惩罚的目的是改造
Now Socrates is absolutely clear, the purpose of punishment is to reform.