BBC：古代圣贤（2015）（2）

and makes them admit to things that they don’t want to admit to–
从本质上说是在耍傻子
by playing essentially the fool thing
“我什么都不知道，我什么都不知道，我只能请你告诉我，
“I know nothing,I know nothing,I can only ask you to tell me,
因为我什么都不知道”
because I know nothing”.
因此，他强调了定义
So, he laid an emphasis on the definitions
然后在他所谓的Dieresis上——除名–
then on what he called Dieresis– division–
把问题分解成小部分，分♥析♥部分，分♥析♥它
of breaking down a problem into little part, analyzing parts, analyzing it
然后分别攻击每一个，然后进行归纳式尝试
and then attacking each one separately and then trying inductively
将它们重新组合成一个更一般的概念
to group them back together into a more general concept.
所以，苏格拉底用了这个
So, Socrates uses that
让人们意识到他们认为简单的事情
to make people become aware that things they consider simple
他们知道——事实上他们不知道
and elementary and basic and that they know – they in fact don’t know.
那么现代世界呢？
And what about the modern world?
你认为没有苏格拉底式的辩论我们能拥有现代世界吗，
Do you think we could have the modern world without Socratic debate,
没有质疑什么是人类
without questioning what it is to be human
在我们周围的世界里，人是什么？
and what it is to be human in the world around us?
我认为最好的接受方式是，找到苏格拉底在其中的位置
Well I think that the best way to accept, to find Socrates’ place in it
就是要看到苏格拉底方法的反面
is to see that the opposite of the Socratic method
本质上是狂热和教条主义
essentially is fanaticism and dogmatism.
从这个意义上说，现代世界
And in that sense the modern world very
很多人都需要从各个层面解决这些问题
much needs an antidote to those things at every level.
苏格拉底的方法是宣泄，
The Socratic method was cathartic,
它把棘手的问题公之于众，
it got difficult issues out into the open,
并以更高的精度定义概念
and defined concepts with much greater precision.
苏格拉底的严厉质问，带有他标志性的讽刺，是在公开场合进行的，
Socrates’ tough questioning, with his trademark irony, was conducted in public,
无论他走到哪里都会引起轰动
causing a stir wherever he went.
[鼓声]
[drums beating]
他邀请每个人去寻求人类善的知识
He was inviting everyone to seek knowledge of the human good.
确定基本真理
To identify fundamental truths.
但是，人们只能为自己做这件事
But, people could only do this for themselves
通过不断询问他们的行为，
by constantly interrogating their actions,
以及最根深蒂固的信念
and most deeply held beliefs.
“未经检验的生活，苏格拉底说，不值得活下去”
“The unexamined life, Socrates said, is not worth living.”
但是，有一个问题
But, there was a problem.
苏格拉底的教学特别受到年轻人的青睐
Socrates’ teaching found particular favor with the young.
与斯巴达的战争看不到尽头，
With no end in sight to war with Sparta,
这些人力资源对雅典的未来至关重要
these human resources were vital to Athens’ future.
法律试图保护年轻人不受恶意影响
Laws attempted to protect the youth from malign influence.
鼓励他们独♥立♥思考 充满了危险
Encouraging them to think for themselves was fraught with danger.
然而，苏格拉底在这座城市最公共的地方附近找到了他们-
Yet Socrates sought them out, close to the most public place in the city –
广场
the Agora.
在古代世界，商业越来越成为变革的驱动力，
Across the ancient world, commerce was increasingly a driver for change,
在雅典，这种感觉尤其强烈
and that was felt particularly keenly here in Athens.
广场是一个热闹的市场，
The Agora was a buzzing market,
人们来交换货物和闲聊的地方
a place where people came to exchange goods and gossip.
苏格拉底喜欢在这里分享他的观点
Socrates loved sharing his ideas here.
这是从《广场》中我们得到的“广场恐惧症”，一种对开放空间的恐惧
It’s from Agora we get the word Agoraphobia, a fear of open spaces.
当时也有焦虑，因为18岁以下的人是被禁止的
There was anxiety back then too, as under 18’s were barred.
现在，考古学帮助我们指出苏格拉底是如何在城外遇到雅典年轻人的
Now, archeology helps point to how Socrates met young Athenians just outside
广场的边界，在一个私人住♥宅♥里
the Agora’s boundary, in a private dwelling.
我们就在阿格拉空间的边缘，
So, we’re right on the edge of the Agora space,
我们在公共空间之间
and we’re in between the public space
还有我们身后的私人空间
and the private space behind us here.
我们身后的这堵墙就是其中一家私人机构
And this wall behind us right here is one of those private establishments.
我们有一个后来的消息来源提到
And we have a later source that mentions
苏格拉底拜访他的一位朋友的家
Socrates visiting the house of a friend of his
我们有这个数字，皮匠西蒙，他接待年轻人
and we have this figure, Simon the Cobbler and he’s hosting young men.
所以，我们有了文学来源
So, we have the literary source.
好在这里的挖掘过程中他们发现了鞋钉，
What’s nice is during the excavations right here, they found hobnails,
他们发现了骨孔，然后他们还发现了一个杯子，
they found bone eyelets and then they also found a cup,
这是惊人的证据
and this is the amazing bit of evidence
真的因为这个杯子上有西蒙的名字
really because this cup has the name Simon scratched on it.
这是一个杯子的复♥制♥品，你可以看到它确实有
And this is a replica right here of the cup and you can see that it does have
西蒙诺斯在上面挠了挠
Simonos scratched on it.
是的，我只是，在这里想象那些伟大的新想法真是太激动人心了
Yeah, I just, it’s so thrilling being here, imagining those big new ideas
可能是在2500年前制定的
could possibly have been enacted there two and a half thousand years ago.
我们可以说，苏格拉底在这个空间里走来走去
We can say that Socrates was walking around this space
他可能就在这里，
and he was probably hanging out right here,
为了讨论一些事情，一些本来可能是，
in order to discuss things, things that might otherwise be,
可能会给他带来麻烦的事
something that might get him in trouble.
我是说这是一种危险的情况，
I mean it’s a dangerous situation that potentially,
所以你有着磁性的个性，进行这些喧闹的谈话
so you’ve got this magnetic personality,
having these rumbustious conversations
鼓励年轻人独♥立♥思考
with young men and encouraging them to think for themselves.
完全正确。 -这就是我们要去的地方
That’s exactly right. -This is the place where we’re
应该有思想自♥由♥和言论自♥由♥
supposed to have freedom of thought and freedom of expression
等等，如果在这个民♥主♥理念中，
and so on, if in this democratic idea,
但是，在这个地方，你必须尊重神，你必须尊重神
but, this is a place where, you have to respect the gods and you have to respect
你和你的长辈必须尊重城市的法律
your elders and you have to respect the laws of the city.
他在质疑神，-他在质疑法律，
He’s questioning the gods, -he’s questioning the laws,
所以他真的在测试它并且
so he’s really putting it to the test and…
强迫这些年轻人用一种
forcing these young guys to see things in a
不同的方式，城市并不喜欢这样
different way and the city didn’t really like that.
苏格拉底在制♥造♥麻烦
Socrates was stirring up trouble.
尤其是他的一些信徒是自信的年轻贵族，
Especially as some of his devotees were confident young aristocrats,
这座城市未来的领导者
the city’s future leaders.
最著名的是阿尔西比亚德斯
Most notable was Alcibiades.
出身名门，富有，是奥♥运♥冠军，
Well born, wealthy and an Olympic champion,
这个性滥交的地狱制♥造♥者
this sexually promiscuous hell-raiser
几十年来，雅典人一直为之神魂颠倒，丑闻不断
entranced and scandalized Athens for decades.
然而这个花♥花♥公♥子♥是苏格拉底的朋友，
Yet this playboy was friends with Socrates,
比他大20岁
who was 20 years his senior.
苏格拉底实际上在波提迪亚战役中救了阿尔西比亚德斯的命
Socrates had actually saved Alcibiades’ life during the battle of Potidaea.
柏拉图的研讨会描述了他们之间发生的一次臭名昭著的交流，
Plato’s Symposium describes an infamous exchange that took place between them,
在一个令人兴奋的贵族酒会上
during a heady, aristocratic drinking party.
有人告诉我们，一个喝醉了的阿尔西比德斯打断了讨论，
A drunken Alcibiades, we’re told, crashes the discussion,
这就转向了美的问题
which turns to the question of beauty.
在希腊文化中，阿尔西比亚德斯的身体通常是美丽的
In Greek culture, Alcibiades’ body beautiful would typically have been
也被认为是他道德美的标志
regarded as a sign of his moral beauty too.
但是，阿尔西比亚德斯似乎接受了苏格拉底关于真实美的另一种概念
But, it appears Alcibiades bought into Socrates alternative concept of real beauty.
[听不见]
[inaudible]
他说，苏格拉底可能外表丑陋，
Socrates, he says, might be ugly on the outside,
但是，他有一种内在的美，远远超过任何外在的美
but, he has an inner beauty, that by far outshines any physical beauty.
他爱苏格拉底，因为他是最聪明的人，
And he, Alcibiades loves Socrates because he is the wisest man,
因此最美
and therefore the most beautiful.
[听不见的对话]
[inaudible conversation]
然而，当谈到为自己实现内在美时，
However, when it came to achieving inner beauty for himself,
阿尔西比亚德斯的步伐非常不协调
Alcibiades was woefully out of step.
他认为自己的美貌可以帮助他
He thought his good looks could help him.
但是，他勾引苏格拉底的傲慢计划遭到了拒绝
But, his cocky plan to seduce Socrates was rebuffed.
“你在密谋用外表换取真正的美”
“You are plotting to get real beauty in exchange for its appearance”
苏格拉底说：“那就是以金换铜”
Socrates said, “that would be Gold for Bronze.”
对苏格拉底来说，年轻贵族的才能没有价值
For Socrates, the talents of young aristocrats were worthless without
正确使用它们的智慧
the wisdom to use them properly.
通过与他们的辩论，他推动了雅典人的耐心
By debating with them, he was pushing the patience of Athens.
然而，苏格拉底并没有放弃他的原则
Yet Socrates didn’t compromise his principles.
正如德尔斐神谕的故事所示
As demonstrated in the story of the Oracle of Delphi.
我们听说，苏格拉底的一位朋友叫查雷丰，
We’re told that a friend of Socrates’ called Chaerephon,
从各方面来看，他都是一个相当冲动的人，
a rather impetuous individual from all accounts,
来到这里朝圣，来到这个圣地
came on pilgrimage here, to this sacred site.
2000年来，德尔菲一直是一个宗教圣地
Delphi had been a place of religious devotion, for 2,000 years.
以历史悠久的方式，
Chaerephon, in time-honored fashion,
爬上神圣的道路，向阿波罗神提问，
climbed the sacred way to ask a question of the God Apollo,
她通过女祭司说话
who spoke through a priestess.
当他最终到达神谕处时，他问道：
When he finally reached the Oracle, he asked,
“还有比苏格拉底更聪明的人吗？”
“Is there any man wiser than Socrates?”
答案是：“不”
And the answer came back, “No.”
沙瑞芬把这个消息告诉了苏格拉底，
Chaerephon took the message to Socrates,
他们以典型的方式质疑神谕的话
who in typical manner, questioned the Oracle’s words.
即使是阿波罗的话，上帝的上帝，
Even the word of Apollo, a god for heaven’s sake,
受到苏格拉底的审视
was subject to Socrates’ scrutiny.