BBC：古代圣贤（2015）（1）

他们有明确的意图，理解，
They have the clear intention, comprehension,
我为什么要出家
for why I am become a monk.
所以他们从来没有做错什么
So they never done anything wrong.
但是，渐渐地，你知道，当人数增长时，
But, gradually, you know, when the number is growing up,
为了保持卓越、和平与和谐，
to maintain the excellence, peace and harmony,
他规定了不同的规则和纪律
he prescribed the different rules and the discipline.
这是一件了不起的事情，在2500年后，
An amazing thing that two and a half millennia later,
你仍然遵守这些规则
you’re still living by those rules.
我认为我们需要更多的规则
I think we need more rules.
对我来说，因为在现代，
To me, because in the modern times,
我们不得不面对很多事情
we have to face so many things.
那一次，只有印度
That time, only India.
现在是整个世界
Now there is the whole world.
每天都有227条僧侣规则，在实施中
There are 227 rules for monks, enacted every day.
用这些话来说，
And it is amazing to think that in these words,
我们可以窥探一下佛陀和他的早期追随者的内心
we could be getting a glimpse into the mind
of the Buddha and his early followers.
佛陀被认为采纳了他的规则
The Buddha is thought to have adopted his rules
以特别的方式
in an ad hoc way.
他是个实用主义者，乐于改变主意
He was a pragmatist, not above changing his mind
倾听理性，当它来了
and listening to reason, even when it came
这包括女性在内的棘手问题
to the thorny issue of including women.
一开始，他们被视为
At the very beginning, they were regarded
作为一种负担，因为他们需要保护，
as a bit of a burden, because they needed protecting,
但是，解放意识应该对所有人开放
but the logic that liberation should be available to all
意味着是真正的，她们必须被包括在内，
meant that really, they had to be included,
佛陀自己最终宣布
and we’re told that the Buddha himself eventually declared
女尼应该是僧伽的一部分
that nuns should be part of the Sangha.
僧伽的规则非常实用
The rules of the Sangha are eminently practical.
自律和智慧是神圣的
Self-discipline and resourcefulness are enshrined
融入日常生活；它们决定了你可以拥有什么，
into daily life; they dictate what you can own,
以及你必须放弃什么
and what you must give up.
僧侣被允许拥有八件物品
Monks are allowed to have eight possessions.
基本上是三件长袍
They are three robes, basically.
这是为了看起来不好看，而不是太漂亮
It is to look ugly, not too beautiful.
我们必须有一根小针线，
We have to have a small needle and thread,
但你知道，现在你不缝了，
but you know, nowadays you don’t stitch,
因为我们有现成的长袍
because we have ready-made robes.
这是剃刀
This is the razor.
留头发很麻烦，
It is very troublesome to keep hair,
所以我们每天都用它
so we leave it, every day.
这是碗
This is the bowl.
乞讨的碗
The begging bowl.
僧侣们乞讨的碗
The begging bowl of the monks.
你收集食物和饮料，
So this, you collect food and drinks,
别人的施舍每一天
alms from other people. Every day.
你为什么从外面买♥♥食物？
And why do you get your food from outside?
你为什么不自己制♥作♥呢？
Why don’t you produce it yourself?
因为和尚必须依靠人♥民♥，依靠社会
Because monk has to depend on the people, the society.
所以，我们有感激之情
So, we have gratefulness and gratitude.
因此，我们回报给他们的是我们的慈悲心和智慧
So what we return to them, our compassion and wisdom.
僧侣可以成为人♥民♥的向导，
Monks can be a guide to the people,
向社会展示智慧之路，
to the society, to show the path to wisdom,
展示通往和平的道路，
to show the path to peace,
展示通往幸福的道路
and to show the path to happiness.
除此之外，僧侣们没有其他联♥系♥，
Apart from that, monks have no other connection,
关系，与非专业人士的关系
relations, to the lay people whatsoever.
但你不得不离开你的家人
But you’ve had to leave your family
为了出家？
in order to become a monk?
是的，事实上，家庭生活总是充实的
Yes, in fact, family life is always full
那种痛苦，那种障碍
of that kind of miseries, that kind of obstacles
还有很多麻烦
and troubles, so many.
所以生活在家庭生活中，
So living in the family life,
一个人不能过简单、圣洁的生活
one cannot practice a simple, holy life.
从而达到精神的高度
In order to achieve the spiritual heights.
（仪式歌♥唱）
(ritual singing)
当僧侣们离开家，
When monks leave home,
对于那些被留在家里面的人来说，这可能很难
it can be hard for those left behind.
据说佛陀承认
The Buddha is said to have acknowledged
他给家人带来的悲痛
the grief he’d caused his family, and proclaimed
僧侣们需要父母的许可才能加入
that monks needed parental permission to join.
佛教是一种哲学或宗教，有时
Buddhism is a philosophy or religion that is sometimes
被批评为只对从业者有利，
criticized for only benefiting the practitioner,
这相当冷淡地看到了社会和家庭纽带
that rather coldly sees social and family bonds
作为对世界的依恋，
as attachments to the world,
因此，这是实现涅盘的障碍
and therefore a barrier to achieving nirvana.
但我在这里得到的感觉
But what I get the sense of here
是对集体福祉的真正承诺
is a real commitment to collective wellbeing.
愿你们在三宝 佛法僧 的祝福下幸福快乐
May you all be happy
with the blessings of the triple gem the buddha dhamma and sangha
佛陀开悟后并没有把自己关起来
The Buddha hadn’t shut himself away after his enlightenment.
他的见解增强了他对他人的关心，
His insights had heightened his concern for others,
他花了大半辈子帮助身边的人
and he’d spent over half his life helping those around him
减轻他们的痛苦
to alleviate their suffering.
佛陀对绝对价值的坚持
The Buddha’s insistence on the absolute value
怜悯之心给我留下了深刻的印象
of compassion is something that really impresses me.
听听他的这些话，
Just listen to these words of his,
有史以来最早的一些记录：
some of the very earliest ever written down:
不要让任何人欺骗他人，也不要轻视任何人，在任何地方
let no one deceive another, nor despise anyone, anywhere.
作为一个母亲保护着她的孩子，
As a mother protects her child, with boundless,
爱的善良，珍惜这个世界
loving kindness, cherish the world.
爱无止境
Love without limit.
你怎么能反驳呢？
How can you argue with that?
（沉思的音乐）
(pensive music)
通过不懈地表达和解释他的想法，
By tirelessly expressing and explaining his ideas,
佛陀培养了一群忠诚的追随者
the Buddha had nurtured a committed following.
致力于他的知识严谨原则
Dedicated to his principles of intellectual rigor
还有深厚的人性
and deep humanity.
但僧伽不能永远依赖他们的创始领导层
But the Sangha couldn’t rely on the leadership
当佛陀80多岁的时候，
We’re told that when the Buddha reached his 80s,
开始转向继续他的教义
thoughts turned to the continuation of his message.
他的忠实助手阿难问，在他死后给僧伽会发生什么
His faithful attendant Ananda asked what would happen
to the Sangha after he died.
他说：僧伽不需要领袖
He said: the Sangha doesn’t need a leader.
它只需要我的佛法，我的教义
It just needs my dharma, my teaching.
在房♥子里吃过一顿饭之后
After accepting a meal at the house
据说是一个卑微的铁匠提供
of a humble blacksmith, it’s believed
他得了食物中毒，很快就病入膏肓
he contracted food poisoning and quickly became very ill.
然而，在涅盘之后，
Yet, having achieved nirvana,
佛陀不担心死亡
the Buddha had no fear of death.
他的痛苦已经结束
His suffering had ended
随着他开悟的那一刻
with the moment of his enlightenment.
他不会重生
He would not be reborn.
死后的事情就像涅盘，
And what followed death was, like nirvana,
无法理解
beyond comprehension.
就在他去世之前，他告诉他的僧侣们
Just before he died, he told his fellow monks
继续寻求开悟
to simply keep seeking enlightenment.
更替是事物的本性
It is the nature of things to decay.
专心一点，你就会成功
Be attentive and you will succeed.
（忧郁的音乐）
(somber music)
佛陀的死，夺走了僧伽的创始人和领导者
The Buddha’s death robbed the Sangha
of their founder and leader.
有了这个真空，他的思想就有了真正的危险
With this vacuum, there was a real danger his ideas
会丢失或损坏
would be lost or corrupted.
佛陀鼓励僧伽达成共识
The Buddha had encouraged the Sangha to reach consensus
通过定期召开会议来解决日常问题
on day to day concerns by holding regular meetings.
现在僧侣们照教导，那样做了
And now the monks did as they’d been taught.
据说他们召开了一次会议
They’re said to have convened a council
500名杰出的僧侣来到这个洞穴，
of 500 prominent monks here, to this cave,
确定佛教教义的内容
to determine the content of Buddhist doctrine.
阿难背诵了佛陀的布道和教义
Ananda recited the sermons and the teachings of the Buddha.
另一位僧侣阿帕里背诵了寺院的规则
Another monk, Aparli, recited the monastic rules.