forfeit
基本释义
[verb] lose or be deprived of (property or a right or privilege) as a penalty for wrongdoing
[动词] 失去或被剥夺（财产、权利或特权）以作为对不当行为的惩罚
深入解读
Forfeit 是一个与小站（微信公众号：田间小站）差不多一年前推送的 surfeit 同结尾的单词，除此之外同结尾的还有 counterfeit （伪造；伪造的；伪造物）。
该词源自拉丁语 forfaire （违反、违背），14世纪经古法语 forfet, forfait （犯罪行为、应受惩罚的违法行为）进入英语后，即用来表示因犯罪、犯错、违法、违规、违约、疏忽、失职等不当行为而“丧失的东西、没收物”或被罚的“罚金”，包括因违反俱乐部或比赛的规则而被罚的“小额罚款”，比如：
- 他开车走了，没有注意到他所造成的附带损害。这是他必须付的罚金。
He drove off, oblivious of the collateral damage he had caused. That is the forfeit he must pay.
另外， forfeit 也可以特指公民权的“丧失”，诸如言论自由的丧失（the forfeit of freedom of speech）、选举权的丧失（the forfeit of voting rights）。
用作动词时， forfeit 主要指因犯罪、犯错、违法、违规、违约、疏忽、失职等不当行为而“丧失、失去、被没收”财产、权利、特权、自由、生命等，比如：
- 她因为说谎丧失了朋友们的尊重。
She forfeited the esteem of her friends by telling lies.
这个动词概念也可以反过来引申表示为获得他物而“主动放弃”，即主动失去或放弃某物以作为其他事物的必然结果，比如：
- 他主动放弃了可观的酬金，觉得自己的健康更加重要。
He has forfeited a lucrative fee but feels his well-being is more important.
此外， forfeit 还可以用作形容词相应表示作为处罚而“被罚的、被没收的、丧失了的”，比如：
- 她暗中兼差替企鹅人做事。她知道如果她不遵命就会丧命。
She moonlighted for the Penguin. She knew her life was forfeit if she did not do as she was told.
好书例句
He had no rights at all where she was concerned; this afternoon he had forfeited them all, forever.
凡是有关她的事情，他都无权过问，当天下午他已经把这种权利彻底丧失了，永远丧失了。
出自美国作家玛格丽特·米切尔（Margaret Mitchell）创作的长篇小说《飘》（Gone with the Wind）。
外刊例句
- The way to make supply chains more resilient is not to domesticate them, which concentrates risk and forfeits economies of scale, but to diversify them.
要让供应链更能抵抗风险，不应该将它迁回国内，因为这只会让风险集中并丧失规模经济；供应链多元化才是出路。
——《经济学人》 - In many cases, if you don’t spend the money by a certain deadline — often the end of the calendar year — you forfeit the cash in your account.
在很多情况下，如果你没有在某个截止日期前（通常是日历年结束时）花掉这笔钱，你就会丧失你账户中的现金。
——《纽约时报》
常见短语
- Forfeit the game – 放弃比赛
- Forfeit one’s rights – 放弃某人的权利
- Forfeit a deposit – 失去押金
- Forfeit a match – 失去比赛
- Forfeit a competition – 失去竞赛
- Forfeit a prize – 失去奖品
- Forfeit a privilege – 失去特权
- Forfeit a bonus – 失去奖金
- Forfeit a license – 失去许可证
- Forfeit a bet – 失去赌注
- Forfeit a contract – 失去合同
- Forfeit a claim – 放弃索赔权
- Forfeit a lease – 失去租约
- Forfeit a reward – 失去奖励
- Forfeit a payment – 失去付款
- Forfeit a bond – 失去保证金
- Forfeit a share – 失去股份
- Forfeit a right of way – 放弃通行权
- Forfeit a title – 失去头衔
- Forfeit a position – 失去职位
- Forfeit a privilege – 失去特权
- Forfeit a reward – 失去奖励
- Forfeit a claim – 放弃索赔权
- Forfeit a deposit – 失去押金
- Forfeit a chance – 失去机会
- Forfeit a penalty – 失去处罚
- Forfeit a contract – 失去合同
- Forfeit a lease – 失去租约
- Forfeit a lawsuit – 失去诉讼
- Forfeit a fee – 失去费用
- Forfeit a membership – 失去会员资格
- Forfeit a claim – 失去索赔权
- Forfeit a game – 失去比赛
- Forfeit a challenge – 失去挑战
- Forfeit a privilege – 失去特权
- Forfeit a tournament – 失去锦标赛
- Forfeit a prize – 失去奖品
- Forfeit a license – 失去许可证
- Forfeit a scholarship – 失去奖学金
- Forfeit a bet – 失去赌注
同近义词
relinquish: voluntarily cease to keep or claim; give up
confiscate: to officially take sth away from sb, especially as a punishment
renounce: formally declare one’s abandonment of (a claim, right, or possession)
