金雀花王朝（2014）

这使得他的妹夫 西蒙·德·孟福尔
But this provoked his own brother-in-law, Simon de Montfort,
从其属地凯尼尔沃思城♥堡♥这儿拉起了一支军队
to raise an army from his base here at Kenilworth Castle.
他在苏塞克斯的刘易斯与国王军队对峙
He confronted the king’s forces outside Lewes in Sussex.
德·孟福尔的军队寡不敌众
De Montfort’s men were outnumbered.
但他们给了亨利羞辱的一击
But they inflicted a humiliating defeat on Henry,
他们夺走并关押了他的儿子兼继承者 爱德华王子
and took his son and heir, Prince Edward, prisoner.
亨利现在徒有国王之名
Henry remained king in name only.
接下来的15个月 实际统治英格兰的是西蒙·德·孟福尔
For the next 15 months, England was ruled by Simon de Montfort.
而给他授权的正是议会
And he did so through Parliament.
1265年的德·孟福尔议会
De Montfort’s Parliament of 1265
常被视作现代议会的前身
is often regarded as the forerunner of the modern Parliament.
一如既往地 它涵盖了贵族和主教
As always, it included barons and bishops –
他们组成的就是今天的上议院
who sit nowadays as the House of Lords.
但这是第一次
But for the first time,
骑士和市民也从郡县和自治市镇
knights and burgesses were sent from the shires and from the boroughs,
被英格兰的财产拥有者选为议员
elected to Parliament by the property owners of England.
议院现在有了第二院的雏形
Parliament now had the beginnings of a second house –
即后来所称的下议院
later to be known as the Commons.
亨利三世似乎已成强弩之末
Henry III seemed to be a spent force.
但他的儿子爱德华逃出了监牢
But his son Edward escaped captivity.
他聚起了一支军队来对抗德·孟福尔
He raised an army and confronted de Montfort.
在伊夫舍姆战役中
At the battle of Evesham,
爱德华重新巩固了金雀花王朝在英格兰的统治
Edward reasserted Plantagenet rule in England.
德·孟福尔的支持者都被屠♥杀♥了
De Montfort’s supporters were slaughtered,
而德·孟福尔自己则阵亡了
and de Montfort himself killed in the battle.
德·孟福尔的统治结束了
De Montfort’s rule was over.
但英格兰的议会留了下来
But the English Parliament lived on.
未来的金雀花国王们将因这大意而自食其果
And future Plantagenet kings would ignore it at their peril.
金雀花的国王们总是想着要扩张他们
Plantagenet kings always looked to expand their territories
爱德华一世与威尔士人和苏格兰人
英格兰以外的领土
beyond England.
爱德华一世决心要让自己的统治
And Edward I was determined to spread his control
遍及大不列颠群岛
across the British Isles.
威尔士一直困扰着金雀花王朝的好几代国王
Wales had troubled the Plantagenet kings for generations.
其崎岖的地势使它难以征服和管控
Its rugged terrain made it hard to conquer and control.
他们把那儿的居民看得连野蛮人都不如
And they regarded its inhabitants as little more than barbarians.
但爱德华一世这人从不会放弃
But Edward I was a man who never gave up
他认定属于自己的东西
what he saw as his rights.
而他所认定的就有 对威尔士的称霸
And these included, in his eyes, overlordship of Wales.
但格温内斯的王子们 罗埃林和弟弟大卫
But the Princes of Gwynedd, Llewelyn and his younger brother Dafydd,
挡了他的道
stood in his way.
他们家族已在这儿统治了几个世纪
Their family had ruled here for centuries.
爱德华的父亲 亨利三世
Edward’s father, Henry III,
承认罗埃林为威尔士亲王
had recognised Llewelyn as Prince of Wales,
前提是他得臣服于中♥央♥
as long as he paid homage.
但当爱德华登上王座时
But when Edward took the throne,
罗埃林不再臣服
Llewelyn refused.
爱德华宣称罗埃林是个 “叛徒和扰乱和平者”
Edward declared Llewelyn a “rebel and disturber of the peace”
并于1277年从切斯特出发
and in 1277 set off westwards from Chester
其所率大军有
at the head of a powerful army
800名骑士和加斯科尼的弓弩手
of 800 knights, crossbowmen from Gascony
及1.6万名步兵
and 16,000 infantry.
爱德华的军队攻下了安格尔西
Edward’s army captured Anglesey,
那是威尔士的粮仓
the breadbasket of Wales.
一下子 这既给自己的军队提供了食物
At a stroke, this provided food for his own men
又切断了威尔士的供给
and cut off supplies to the Welsh.
罗埃林无路可退 只得投降 并继续表示臣服
Llewelyn had no choice but to surrender and paid homage after all.
休战来之不易
An uneasy truce followed.
但大卫·格鲁菲兹又起兵叛乱
But it was broken when Dafydd ap Gruffydd
他率一支新叛军反对英格兰的统治
led a new rebellion against English rule.
一年多来 爱德华的军队都在和威尔士守军交战
For over a year, Edward’s army clashed with Welsh defenders.
但在1282年 灾难降临了威尔士王朝
But in 1282, disaster struck for the Welsh dynasty.
罗埃林在战场上被杀
Llewelyn was killed in battle.
大卫·格鲁菲兹 在多巴达恩城♥堡♥这儿抵抗了
Dafydd ap Gruffydd held out here at Dolbadarn Castle
几个多月
for a few months more.
最终他被抓获并受英格兰人审判
Finally, he was captured and tried by the English.
威尔士现在是金雀花王朝的领地了
Wales was now a Plantagenet dominion.
大卫被处以死刑
Dafydd was executed,
而为了进一步树立权威
and to further stamp his authority,
爱德华建造和修缮了横跨威尔士的一连串城♥堡♥
Edward built and repaired a chain of castles across Wales.
这些要塞代表了中世纪城♥堡♥建筑的最高水准
These fortresses represent the peak of medieval castle-building.
看起来苏格兰将会
It looked at one point as though Scotland would go
走上威尔士的道路 被英格兰帝国给吞并掉
the way of Wales, swallowed up by the English kingdom.
苏格兰国王亚历山大三世死于1286年
When King Alexander III of Scotland died in 1286,
他膝下无子
he left no son.
离世国王的三岁外孙女
The dead king’s three-year-old granddaughter,
挪威的玛格丽特按序将是下个国王
Margaret of Norway, was next in line to the throne.
爱德华决定要让玛格丽特嫁给自己的年轻儿子
Edward decided that Margaret should marry his own young son.
问题将通过外交和联姻 而非战争来解决
The situation would be resolved by diplomacy and marriage, not by war.
而不列颠将团结在金雀花王朝下
And Britain would be united under the Plantagenets.
这给英国历史留下了一个大大的 “如果”
It remains one of the great “what ifs” of British history.
没有联姻发生
No marriage took place.
小玛格丽特死于奥克尼 她没能赶到苏格兰
Little Margaret died in Orkney, on her way to Scotland.
随之死去的还有爱德华兵不血刃地
And with her died Edward’s plan
让金雀花王朝接管苏格兰的计划
for a bloodless Plantagenet take-over of Scotland.
玛格丽特死去后
After the death of Margaret,
爱德华同意留下苏格兰的一位听话国王
Edward agreed to tolerate a subordinate king in Scotland
约翰·巴里奥
– John Balliol.
但当他一露反心
But as soon as he showed signs of independence…
爱德华的军队便攻进贝里克并屠♥杀♥居民
..Edward’s troops attacked Berwick and slaughtered its inhabitants.
在邓巴击败一支苏格兰军队后
After defeating a Scottish army at Dunbar,
英格兰的驻军和官员
English garrisons and officials
被安排到全苏格兰
were installed across Scotland.
但对英格兰统治的反抗渐增
But resistance to English rule grew,
其领导者为威廉·华♥莱♥士♥
led by William Wallace.
华♥莱♥士♥是个自傲而有魅力的人
Wallace was a proud and charismatic figure
他拒绝臣服于爱德华
who refused to pay homage to Edward.
为了打击华♥莱♥士♥
To crush Wallace,
英军必须得跨过斯特灵的福斯河
the English army had to cross the River Forth at Stirling.
那时桥梁的宽度刚好只够
At this time, the bridge here was just wide enough
英军两人并行
for the English forces to cross two abreast.
军队过了一半后
Once half the army had crossed,
苏格兰军俯冲下来并切断了桥梁
the Scots swooped down and cut off the bridge.
困在北岸的英军被包围了
The English stranded on the northern bank were surrounded.
等着他们的是场大屠♥杀♥
The result was slaughter.
约有5000名英军步兵死在斯特灵桥
Around 5,000 English infantrymen died at Stirling Bridge.
这场战斗没能解决问题
The battle didn’t decide the issue,
但华♥莱♥士♥的挑衅震惊了爱德华一世
but Wallace’s defiance shook Edward I.
征服苏格兰仍是他的心头大业
The conquest of Scotland remained his obsession.
国王赶着去讨♥伐♥另一苏格兰领袖
The king was riding to confront another Scottish leader,
罗伯特·布鲁斯
Robert Bruce,
但途中于1307年死去
when he died in 1307.
金雀花王朝征服苏格兰的决心丝毫未减
Plantagenet determination to subdue Scotland was undiminished.
但爱德华二世在班诺克本败给了罗伯特
But Edward II’s defeat by Robert Bruce at Bannockburn,
七年之后 金雀花王朝把心收回到了不列颠国内
seven years later, set the limits to Plantagenet ambitions in Britain
他们永远也无法征服苏格兰
– they would never conquer the Scots.
他们激起的苏格兰高度的民族自豪感
And they provoked a deepening of Scottish national pride,
和独♥立♥感至今犹存
and a sense of independence that survives to this day.
亨利六世是个简朴 虔诚的国王
Henry VI was a simple, pious king,
金雀花王朝的衰亡
且不好战
and no warrior.
他丢掉了父亲亨利五世征服的所有法国领地
He lost all the territories in France his father, Henry V, had conquered.
他还患有精神疾病 这让他非常脆弱
He also suffered from mental illness, which made him vulnerable.
到1453年 他没法再统治了
By 1453, he was incapable of ruling.
伺机而动的是他的堂兄
Waiting in the wings was a cousin
堂兄认为自己比亨利六世或其小儿都更有资格称王
who thought he had a claim to the throne just as good as Henry VI and his young son.
理查 这位约克公爵辩称自己更有权利获得王位
Richard, Duke of York argued he had a greater right to the crown
因为亨利六世的祖父 即兰开斯特的亨利
because Henry VI’s grandfather, Henry of Lancaster,
是非法夺得王位的
had seized the throne illegally.
但亨利的妻子 玛格丽特
But Henry’s wife, Margaret,
努力争取着留住儿子的继承权
struggled ferociously to maintain her son’s right to succeed.