金雀花王朝（2014）

until Arthur was handed over alive.
他大概也知道这是不可能的
He probably knew this was impossible.
渐渐地 腓力征服了约翰的法兰西领地
One by one, Philip conquered John’s French domains.
很快地 他在欧陆上的领土只剩下
Soon all that remained of his continental empire
加斯科尼
was Gascony.
失掉法兰西后
With France lost,
约翰决意加强对英格兰的掌控
John was determined to tighten his grip on England.
他剥夺了反对他的男爵的财产
He dispossessed barons who opposed him,
并用王权积累了大量的个人财富
and exploited his royal powers to accumulate vast personal wealth.
约翰还痛恨领土内的罗马教权
John also resented Rome’s power in his realm,
在1206年 他拒绝接受教皇新指定的主教
and in 1206 he refused to accept the Pope’s latest choice of archbishop.
作为报复 教皇动用了他最令人害怕的武器
In retaliation, the Pope deployed his most fearsome weapon –
停止了英格兰的一切宗教活动
the Kingdom of England was placed under an interdict.
这意味着英格兰的所有教会服务都暂停了
This meant that all church services in England were suspended.
教堂都空空如也
The churches and cathedrals stood empty.
洗礼和婚礼再也没法到教堂里举办
No baptisms or marriages could take place in church.
死者也不能安葬到教堂墓地
The dead could not be buried in churchyards.
全英格兰都听不到教堂的钟声
No church bells were heard in England.
这样的情况持续了六年
And this lasted six years.
对 “信仰时代” 里的信众来说
For believers in a so-called Age of Faith,
这一定令其十分不安
this must have been deeply disturbing.
但这让约翰敛财致富
But it made John rich.
因为他以收缴神职人员的土地和财产作为回击
Because he hit back by confiscating the clergy’s lands and possessions.
国王和教皇最终达成协议
The king and the Pope eventually came to terms.
约翰会接受教皇推荐的大主教
John would accept the Pope’s nominee as archbishop
但他会留着从教堂搜刮出的全部钱财
but he would keep all the money that he’d squeezed out of the church.
但约翰想要更多的钱
But John wanted even more money,
好来雇佣一支军队去赢回他丢掉的法兰西领地
to fund an army to win back the territories he had lost in France.
底下的男爵们对此并不积极
His barons were not enthusiastic,
所以约翰开始榨干♥他♥们
so John began to bleed them dry,
为达目的 他施加苛税
extracting what he needed through draconian taxes
并滥用王室法庭
and exploitation of the royal courts.
他不信任那些男爵
He didn’t trust his barons,
并要他们交出家人作为人♥质♥
making them hand over family members as hostages.
当 威廉·德·布劳斯 这名男爵准备交出儿子时
When one of his nobles, William de Braose, prepared to give up his sons,
他的妻子想起了国王是如何对待他自己的侄子的
his wife remembered how the king had treated his own nephew.
威廉·德·布劳斯 这男爵曾是亚瑟的狱卒
William de Braose was the baron who had served as Arthur’s jailor.
他的妻子喊叫道
His wife shouted at him,
“我才不会把我儿子交给你的主子约翰国王”
“I will not hand over my boys to your lord, King John,
“因为他卑鄙地谋杀了自己的侄子 亚瑟”
“because he foully murdered his nephew Arthur,
“他本应体面地囚禁他的”
“when he should have kept him in honourable captivity.”
国王暴戾来袭
The king’s reaction was savage.
德·布劳斯 设法逃往法国
De Braose managed to escape to France,
但约翰抓住并监禁了他的妻儿
but John captured his wife and son and imprisoned them.
他下令中止对他们的食物供应
He commanded that their food be stopped.
11天后 他们被发现饿死了
After 11 days, they were found starved to death.
儿子的脸颊已经被饥不可耐的母亲
The son’s cheeks had been eaten away
给吃掉了
by his ravenous mother.
金雀花王朝的残暴降到了一个新的下限
Plantagenet cruelty had sunk to new depths.
约翰对法兰西的入侵失败了
John’s invasion of France failed.
1215年5月
And in May 1215,
许多英格兰男爵宣布不再效忠于他
many English barons renounced their allegiance to him
并占领了伦敦
and occupied London.
他们要求和解
They demanded a settlement
要求解放贵族于绝对王权之下
liberating the nobility from absolute royal power.
走投无路的约翰同意接受他们的要求
In desperation, John agreed to accept the demands they made.
和约写在一份宪♥章♥中 并封存在兰尼美德
The agreement was issued in a charter sealed at Runnymede.
大宪♥章♥[拉丁文]
Magna Carta
大宪♥章♥
– the Great Charter
是英格兰史上最著名的文件之一
– is one of the most famous documents in English history.
其中一些条款看似稀松平常
Some of its clauses seem quite mundane,
比如修订遗产税标准的那条
like the one fixing the level of death duties,
但约翰正是滥用征税之王权来敛财的
but this was a royal power that John had exploited for financial gain.
其它条款则更能引发共鸣
Other clauses have a more ringing tone.
“任何自♥由♥人被逮捕 监禁前”
“No free man shall be seized or imprisoned
“都得经同级贵族之依法裁判 或经国法判决”
“except by the lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of the land.
“余等不得向任何人出♥售♥ 拒绝 或延搁”
“To no-one will we sell, to no-one deny or delay
“其应享之权利与公正裁判”
“right and justice.”
所有的条款都是基于
All the clauses are based on the idea that
行事皆有正道的理念
there is a right way of doing things
它使大宪♥章♥配得上是国家之法
– enshrined in Magna Carta as the law of the land.
最重要的是
And the most important thing was
这法约束着国王和臣子
that it bound both king and subject.
金雀花王朝的雄心壮志
Plantagenet dynastic ambition
促成了君王和被统治者间
had provoked a new settlement between the monarchs
的新和解
and those they ruled.
议会的诞生
亨利三世在9岁时
Henry III was nine years old
就成为了统治英格兰的第四位金雀花国王
when he became the fourth Plantagenet king to rule England.
这一法兰西王朝曾统治英格兰和法兰西大部
The French dynasty had dominated England and much of France
长达60年
for 60 years.
但亨利的父亲 约翰王
But Henry’s father, King John,
把家族在欧陆的多数领地都输给了法王
had lost most of the family’s continental lands to the French king.
亨利长大后成了个虔诚的统治者
Henry grew up to be a pious ruler,
他终生都在朝圣和祷告
devoted to pilgrimage and prayer.
但和其先辈一样
But like his ancestors,
亨利决定要扩张他的帝国
Henry was determined to expand his empire.
亨利不是个善战的国王
Henry wasn’t a warrior king.
但他可以用英格兰的收入
But he could use the revenues of England
来买♥♥地给金雀花王朝
to add to the Plantagenet dominions.
教皇请亨利
The Pope was inviting Henry to
争取买♥♥下西西里王国的统治权
purchase the rights to the Kingdom of Sicily.
他没法拒绝这一增加家族领地的机会
And he couldn’t refuse the chance to add to the family’s lands.
他以小儿子霍华德的名义接受了
He accepted, on behalf of his younger son, Edmund.
唯一的问题是标价
The only snag was the price tag.
亨利同意付出自己的三年收入
Henry agreed to pay the Pope three times his annual income
来帮自己的儿子取得西西里
for the chance to secure Sicily for his son.
这项庞大开支把他自己家族的利益
This huge expenditure put his own family’s interests
置于那些强大贵族的利益之上
above those of his powerful barons,
于是他们有些人决定限制国王
and a group of them decided the king had to be constrained.
事情的白热化是在
Things came to a head
1♥2♥5♥8♥年4月的一个早晨
one April morning in 1♥2♥5♥8♥.
7名全副武装的贵族与亨利对峙于
Seven barons in full armour confronted Henry
威斯敏斯特教堂这儿
here in Westminster Hall.
国王吓了一跳
The king was startled.
“这算什么事 我的天啊 我成你们的俘虏了吗”
“What is this, my lords? Am I your captive?”
他们向他保证自己不是叛军
They reassured him that they were not rebels,
而是王国的朋友
but friends of the Crown.
尽管如此 贵族们是有要求的
Nevertheless, the barons had demands,
而国王只能被迫应允他们
and the king was forced to submit to them.
这引发了一系列的改革立法
This triggered a chain of reforming legislation
从而改变了英格兰的治理方式
that transformed the way England was governed.
改革措施将由一个24人委员会批准
The reforms would be agreed by a committee of 24 –
国王和贵族各选出12人
12 chosen by the king, 12 by the barons.
英格兰史上还是第一次有
For the first time in English history,
国王和一个议会分享其权力
the king would share his power with a council.
这些历史性的改革如今称作 “牛津条例”
These historic reforms are known as the Provisions of Oxford.
中世纪的国王总称其统治来自神授
Medieval kings had always claimed to rule by the grace of God,
但亨利现在不得不发誓与贵族分享权力
but Henry now reluctantly swore an oath to share power with the barons
因为他们现在是 英格兰共同体[拉丁文]
in the name of Le Commun de Engleterre
即 英格兰共同体
– the community of England.
因金雀花王朝的挥霍而起
Provoked by Plantagenet extravagance,
牛津条例成了英格兰史上及限制王权中
the Provisions of Oxford mark an important moment in the history of England,
的一个重要时刻
and of the limitation of royal power.
20年来 国王及其主教和贵族所用的
For 20 years, the assemblies where the king consulted with his bishops and barons
顾问机构的名字即源于法语
had been known by a term derived from the French
“会谈”[法文]
– “parley”,
意为 会谈
to talk.
一个新的机构便得名于此
This gave us the name of a new institution
议会
– Parliament.
亨利吁请教皇废除牛津条例
Henry appealed to the Pope to annul the Provisions of Oxford.