金雀花王朝（2014）

我是 罗伯特·巴特莱特 教授
I’m Professor Robert Bartlett
本片讲的是金雀花王朝的故事
and this is the story of the Plantagenets.
他们是英格兰最长寿的王朝
They were England’s longest ruling dynasty,
产生了15位最富盛名的 或臭名昭著的 国王
producing 15 of the nation’s most famous – and infamous – kings.
这段故事充满了阴谋 冲突与残暴
Their story is one of intrigue, conflict and brutality.
但其间既建起了英格兰的司法体系
But also the establishment of England’s system of justice.
也诞生出了议会
And the birth of Parliament.
他们攻下威尔士 并觊觎苏格兰
They conquered Wales and tried to claim Scotland.
巨大的皇家城♥堡♥彰显着他们的权势
Their great castles hammered home their power.
不列颠群岛的未来
The future of the British Isles
即由此奇特家族所塑造
was shaped by this one extraordinary family.
金雀花王朝
金雀花王朝的兴起
英格兰最长寿王朝的故事起源于这里
The story of England’s longest reigning dynasty begins here
法国西部的安茹
in Anjou, Western France.
1128年 一位怒不可遏的公主来到此地
In 1128, an enraged princess arrived here.
她叫玛蒂尔达
Her name was Matilda
是英格兰国王亨利一世唯一的在世嫡脉
and she was the only surviving legitimate child of King Henry I of England,
和指定继承人
and his acknowledged heir.
教授
罗伯特·巴特莱特
父亲推荐她和15岁的小男孩 杰弗里 成婚
Her father had commanded her to marry a 15-year-old boy, Geoffrey,
这男孩是安茹伯爵的长子
the eldest son of the Count of Anjou.
国王亨利希望这场在勒芒大教堂的包办婚姻
King Henry hoped the arranged marriage at Le Mans Cathedral
所带来的女婿
would produce a male heir,
最终能够当上
who would ultimately become
安茹的伯爵
Count of Anjou,
诺曼底的公爵
Duke of Normandy,
以及英格兰的国王
and King of England.
事情并未按部就班
Things didn’t go according to plan.
杰弗里和玛蒂尔达都是自傲而好争吵的人
Both Geoffrey and Matilda were proud and quarrelsome people,
在吵吵闹闹了一年后 他俩分居了
and after a tumultuous year, they separated.
但这毕竟是场政♥治♥联姻
But this was, above all, a political union
所以不久两人便被迫和解
and a reconciliation was soon imposed.
玛蒂尔达重回少年丈夫身边并担负起自己的王室责任
Matilda rejoined her teenage husband and performed her royal duty –
在三年内她产下三子
giving him three sons in three years.
这下子继承事宜尘埃落定
This ended any doubts about the succession
同时也为一个强大的新王朝打下了基础
and also laid the foundations of a powerful new dynasty.
杰弗里是个充满活力和智慧的人
Geoffrey was an energetic, intelligent man
他有着一头金红的头发
with golden-red hair.
他还有个外号♥ 来自一种豆科金雀儿属植物的拉丁名
He also had a nickname, that comes from the Latin for the broom plant –
金雀花[拉丁文]
planta genista
即 “金雀花”
– Plantagenet.
没人确切地知道杰弗里为何被称作金雀花
No-one knows for certain why Geoffrey was called Plantagenet.
有一种理论说是因为
One theory is that it’s because
他在帽子上插着一枝这种花
he wore a sprig of the plant in his hat.
但不管怎样
But, in any case,
300多年中 他的后代没有一个接受了这名称
for over 300 years none of his descendants bore the name.
国王不需要绰号♥
Kings don’t need surnames.
但绰号♥被证明是历史学家用以
But it’s proved a useful label for historians
描述自玛蒂尔达及安茹的青年杰弗里以来的
to describe that long line of monarchs who descended from Matilda
一长串君主的有用标签
and the young Geoffrey of Anjou.
亨利一世曾指定玛蒂尔达为继承人
King Henry I had named Matilda his heir.
但当他于1135年离世时
But when he died in 1135,
英格兰王位由玛蒂尔达的表兄 斯蒂芬 把持着
the English throne was seized by Matilda’s cousin, Stephen.
金雀花王室发起了反击
The Plantagenets fought back.
杰弗里领导了一场对诺曼底的成功入侵
Geoffrey led a successful invasion of Normandy,
诺曼底一直是亨利一世的领地
which had been part of Henry I’s dominions,
同时玛蒂尔达越过海峡去宣布对王位的所有权
while Matilda crossed the Channel to claim her crown.
英格兰由此开启了近二十年的内战
This started almost two decades of civil war.
政♥府♥几近崩溃
Government virtually collapsed
英格兰在一段时期内陷入了腥风血雨
and England descended into a period of bloody conflict
这常被简称为 “无政♥府♥时期”
often called simply The Anarchy.
杰弗里和玛蒂尔达的长子 亨利
Geoffrey and Matilda’s eldest son, Henry,
跟父母一样宣称对英格兰王位
inherited his parent’s claim to the English throne
和法兰西北部多数地区的所有权
and much of Northern France.
他年轻时便被授予了诺曼底
As a young man, he was granted Normandy.
后来他又继承了安茹
Later, he inherited Anjou.
接着通过取回欧洲最富有的女继承人
Then by marrying the greatest heiress in Europe,
阿基坦的埃莉诺
Eleanor of Aquitaine,
他获得了法兰西最强的公国之一
he took control of one of the most powerful duchies in France.
亨利现在将其目光投在了最大的奖杯上
Henry now set his sights on winning the greatest prize of all…
即英格兰的王位
..the English crown.
带着一支小部队越过海峡后
Crossing the Channel with a small army,
亨利发现英格兰在斯蒂芬和玛蒂尔达支持者的
Henry found England devastated by nearly two decades of civil war
近20年内战中饱受摧残
between Stephen and Matilda’s supporters.
他的到来使得许多男爵加入了金雀花王朝一方
His arrival persuaded many barons to join the Plantagenet cause.
亨利和斯蒂芬的军队就在沃灵福德城♥堡♥这儿
Henry’s and Stephen’s armies confronted one another here
互相对峙着
at Wallingford Castle.
那时期的编年史书
A contemporary chronicle,
《斯蒂芬征战记》记载了后来发生的事
the Gesta Stephani, describes what happened next.
“让这么多武装人员拔出佩剑”
“It was a terrible thing to see so many armed men with drawn swords,
“准备杀死自己的亲属和同胞实在是可怕”
“ready to kill their relatives and fellow countrymen.
“双方的首领也都战战兢兢地避免内战”
“And so the chief men on each side shrank in horror from civil war
“和自己王国的覆灭”
“and the destruction of their kingdom.”
由于双方的军队拒绝作战
Because the two armies refused to fight,
斯蒂芬和亨利只好谈判
Stephen and Henry were forced to talk.
史书上说 他们在城♥堡♥外会面
According to the chronicles, they met outside the castle,
两人分立河流两岸
one on either side of the stream.
最终他们达成一致
Eventually they came to an agreement –
国王斯蒂芬得以继续统治
King Stephen would continue to rule
而他也将亨利指定为合法继承人
but he recognised Henry as his lawful heir.
就在第二年
The very next year,
斯蒂芬患上 “严重的消化道和血液疾病”
Stephen was seized by “a terrible pain in the gut and a flow of blood.”
这位国王逝世了
The king was dead.
始于此地的那场谈判
The negotiations that began here
将开启金雀花王朝对英格兰
would lead to more than three centuries
三个多世纪的统治
of Plantagenet rule in England.
1154年12月19日
On the 19th December 1154,
亨利二世成为英格兰的首位金雀花国王
Henry II became the first Plantagenet king of England.
这位说法语的君主现在统治着一个庞大帝国
This French-speaking monarch now ruled a vast empire that
北抵苏格兰疆界
stretched from the Scottish borders
南至比利牛斯山
to the Pyrenees.
但要将其牢握在手
But keeping hold of it
就免不了阴谋 谋杀 和血腥的战争
would involve intrigue, murder and bloody warfare.
狮心王理查在王位上历经了暴♥力♥的十年
King Richard the Lionheart had survived ten violent years on the throne,
大宪♥章♥
但他的运气于1199年春天在法兰西耗尽了
but his luck ran out in France in the spring of 1199.
在围攻家乡阿基坦公国的一个叛乱男爵的城♥堡♥时
While laying siege to the castle of a rebellious baron in his home duchy of Aquitaine,
理查被一支十字弩射死了
Richard was killed by a crossbow bolt.
他的弟弟约翰
His brother John
现在是亨利和埃莉诺唯一活着的儿子了
was now the only surviving son of Henry Plantagenet and Eleanor,
约翰很快便加冕为王
and quickly secured his coronation.
但约翰的年轻侄子亚瑟
But John’s teenage nephew, Arthur,
也称是王位继承人
also had a claim to the crown,
且还得到了法王的支持
and was supported by the King of France.
1202年
In 1202,
年轻的亚瑟竟然率军进入安茹
despite his youth, Arthur led an army into Anjou,
想要抓捕埃莉诺
hoping to capture Eleanor.
约翰赶来解救了她
John rushed there to free her,
并把亚瑟关入牢中
and it was Arthur who was taken prisoner.
没人确定亚瑟后来发生了什么
No-one is certain what happened to Arthur after that,
但同时代的一位编年史家说 亚瑟的狱卒
but a contemporary chronicler claims that Arthur’s own jailor
向他讲了那男孩的命运
told him of the boy’s fate.
据他所言
According to him,
约翰起先是把这16岁的侄子关着
John at first kept his 16-year-old nephew a prisoner.
但在某夜吃完饭后
But then one night, after dinner,
当约翰 “喝醉后恶魔上身” 时
when John was drunk and full of the devil,
他来到亚瑟的牢房♥并亲手将其杀死
he went to Arthur’s cell and killed him with his own hands,
然后往尸体上绑了块大石头
then tied a huge stone around the corpse
接着将其投入塞纳河中
and tossed it into the River Seine.
法王腓力要约翰
King Philip of France refused to make peace with John
活着交出亚瑟才肯和解